cppdraft_translate/cppdraft/diff/cpp03.md

[diff.cpp03]

# Annex C (informative) Compatibility [[diff]](./#diff)

## C.6 C++ and ISO C++ 2003 [diff.cpp03]

### [C.6.1](#general) General [[diff.cpp03.general]](diff.cpp03.general)

[1](#general-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2121)

Subclause [diff.cpp03] lists the differences between C++ and
ISO C++ 2003,
in addition to those listed above,
by the chapters of this document[.](#general-1.sentence-1)

### [C.6.2](#lex) [[lex]](lex "5 Lexical conventions"): lexical conventions [[diff.cpp03.lex]](diff.cpp03.lex)

[1](#lex-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2130)

**Affected subclause:** [[lex.pptoken]](lex.pptoken)


**Change:** New kinds of [*string-literal*](lex.string#nt:string-literal "5.13.5 String literals [lex.string]")*s*[.](#lex-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Required for new features[.](#lex-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may fail to compile or produce different results in
this revision of C++[.](#lex-1.sentence-3)

Specifically, macros named R, u8,u8R, u, uR, U, UR, or LR will
not be expanded when adjacent to a [*string-literal*](lex.string#nt:string-literal "5.13.5 String literals [lex.string]") but will be interpreted as
part of the [*string-literal*](lex.string#nt:string-literal "5.13.5 String literals [lex.string]")[.](#lex-1.sentence-4)

[*Example [1](#lex-example-1)*: #define u8 "abc"const char* s = u8"def"; // Previously "abcdef", now "def" â *end example*]

[2](#lex-2)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2148)

**Affected subclause:** [[lex.pptoken]](lex.pptoken)


**Change:** User-defined literal string support[.](#lex-2.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Required for new features[.](#lex-2.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may fail to compile or produce different results in
this revision of C++[.](#lex-2.sentence-3)

[*Example [2](#lex-example-2)*: #define _x "there""hello"_x // #1

Previously, #1 would have consisted of two separate preprocessing tokens and
the macro _x would have been expanded[.](#lex-2.sentence-4)

In this revision of C++,
#1 consists of a single preprocessing token, so the macro is not expanded[.](#lex-2.sentence-5)

â *end example*]

[3](#lex-3)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2167)

**Affected subclause:** [[lex.key]](lex.key)


**Change:** New keywords[.](#lex-3.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Required for new features[.](#lex-3.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Added to Table [5](lex.key#tab:lex.key "Table 5: Keywords"), the following identifiers are new keywords:alignas,alignof,char16_t,char32_t,constexpr,decltype,noexcept,nullptr,static_assert,
andthread_local[.](#lex-3.sentence-3)

Valid C++ 2003 code using these identifiers is invalid in this revision of C++[.](#lex-3.sentence-4)

[4](#lex-4)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2187)

**Affected subclause:** [[lex.icon]](lex.icon)


**Change:** Type of integer literals[.](#lex-4.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** C99 compatibility[.](#lex-4.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Certain integer literals larger than can be represented by long could
change from an unsigned integer type to signed long long[.](#lex-4.sentence-3)

### [C.6.3](#expr) [[expr]](expr "7 Expressions"): expressions [[diff.cpp03.expr]](diff.cpp03.expr)

[1](#expr-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2198)

**Affected subclause:** [[conv.ptr]](conv.ptr)


**Change:** Only literals are integer null pointer constants[.](#expr-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Removing surprising interactions with templates and constant
expressions[.](#expr-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may fail to compile or produce different results in
this revision of C++[.](#expr-1.sentence-3)

[*Example [1](#expr-example-1)*: void f(void *); // #1void f(...); // #2template<int N> void g() { f(0*N); // calls #2; used to call #1} â *end example*]

[2](#expr-2)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2217)

**Affected subclause:** [[expr.typeid]](expr.typeid)


**Change:** Evaluation of operands in typeid[.](#expr-2.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Introduce additional expression value categories[.](#expr-2.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that uses xvalues as operands for typeid may change behavior in this revision of C++[.](#expr-2.sentence-3)

[*Example [2](#expr-example-2)*: void f() {struct B { B() {}virtual ~B() { }}; struct C { B b; }; typeid(C().b); // unevaluated in C++ 2003, evaluated in C++ 2011} â *end example*]

[3](#expr-3)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2239)

**Affected subclause:** [[expr.mul]](expr.mul)


**Change:** Specify rounding for results of integer / and %[.](#expr-3.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Increase portability, C99 compatibility[.](#expr-3.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that uses integer division rounds the result toward 0 or
toward negative infinity, whereas this revision of C++ always rounds
the result toward 0[.](#expr-3.sentence-3)

[4](#expr-4)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2249)

**Affected subclause:** [[expr.log.and]](expr.log.and)


**Change:** && is valid in a [*type-name*](dcl.type.simple#nt:type-name "9.2.9.3 Simple type specifiers [dcl.type.simple]")[.](#expr-4.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Required for new features[.](#expr-4.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may fail to compile or produce different results in
this revision of C++[.](#expr-4.sentence-3)

[*Example [3](#expr-example-3)*: bool b1 = new int && false; // previously false, now ill-formedstruct S { operator int(); };bool b2 = &S::operator int && false; // previously false, now ill-formed â *end example*]

[5](#expr-5)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2265)

**Affected subclause:** [[expr.cond]](expr.cond)


**Change:** Fewer copies in the conditional operator[.](#expr-5.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Introduce additional expression value categories[.](#expr-5.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that uses xvalues as operands for the conditional operator
may change behavior in this revision of C++[.](#expr-5.sentence-3)

[*Example [4](#expr-example-4)*: void f() {struct B { B() {} B(const B&) { }}; struct D : B {}; struct BB { B b; }; struct DD { D d; }; true ? BB().b : DD().d; // additional copy in C++ 2003, no copy or move in C++ 2011} â *end example*]

### [C.6.4](#dcl.dcl) [[dcl]](dcl "9 Declarations"): declarations [[diff.cpp03.dcl.dcl]](diff.cpp03.dcl.dcl)

[1](#dcl.dcl-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2292)

**Affected subclause:** [[dcl.spec]](dcl.spec)


**Change:** Remove auto as a storage class specifier[.](#dcl.dcl-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** New feature[.](#dcl.dcl-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that uses the keyword auto as a storage class
specifier
may be invalid in this revision of C++[.](#dcl.dcl-1.sentence-3)

In this revision of C++,auto indicates that the type of a variable is to be deduced
from its initializer expression[.](#dcl.dcl-1.sentence-4)

[2](#dcl.dcl-2)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2305)

**Affected subclause:** [[dcl.init.list]](dcl.init.list)


**Change:** Narrowing restrictions in aggregate initializers[.](#dcl.dcl-2.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Catches bugs[.](#dcl.dcl-2.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may fail to compile in this revision of C++[.](#dcl.dcl-2.sentence-3)

[*Example [1](#dcl.dcl-example-1)*: int x[] = { 2.0 };

This code is valid in C++ 2003 but invalid in this
revision of C++ because double to int is a narrowing
conversion[.](#dcl.dcl-2.sentence-4)

â *end example*]

[3](#dcl.dcl-3)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2321)

**Affected subclause:** [[dcl.link]](dcl.link)


**Change:** Names declared in an anonymous namespace
changed from external linkage to internal linkage;
language linkage applies to names with external linkage only[.](#dcl.dcl-3.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Alignment with user expectations[.](#dcl.dcl-3.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may violate the one-definition rule ([[basic.def.odr]](basic.def.odr "6.3 One-definition rule"))
in this revision of C++[.](#dcl.dcl-3.sentence-3)

[*Example [2](#dcl.dcl-example-2)*: namespace { extern "C" { extern int x; } } // #1, previously external linkage and C language linkage,// now internal linkage and C++ language linkagenamespace A { extern "C" int x = 42; } // #2, external linkage and C language linkageint main(void) { return x; }

This code is valid in C++ 2003,
but #2 is not a definition for #1 in this revision of C++, violating the one-definition rule[.](#dcl.dcl-3.sentence-4)

â *end example*]

### [C.6.5](#class) [[class]](class "11 Classes"): classes [[diff.cpp03.class]](diff.cpp03.class)

[1](#class-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2345)

**Affected subclauses:** [[class.default.ctor]](class.default.ctor), [[class.dtor]](class.dtor), [[class.copy.ctor]](class.copy.ctor), and [[class.copy.assign]](class.copy.assign)


**Change:** Implicitly-declared special member functions are defined as deleted
when the implicit definition would have been ill-formed[.](#class-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Improves template argument deduction failure[.](#class-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** A valid C++ 2003 program that uses one of these special member functions in a
context where the definition is not required (e.g., in an expression that is
not potentially evaluated) becomes ill-formed[.](#class-1.sentence-3)

[2](#class-2)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2356)

**Affected subclause:** [[class.dtor]](class.dtor)


**Change:** User-declared destructors have an implicit exception specification[.](#class-2.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Clarification of destructor requirements[.](#class-2.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may execute differently in this revision of C++[.](#class-2.sentence-3)

In
particular, destructors that throw exceptions will call std::terminate (without calling std::unexpected) if their exception specification is
non-throwing[.](#class-2.sentence-4)

### [C.6.6](#temp) [[temp]](temp "13 Templates"): templates [[diff.cpp03.temp]](diff.cpp03.temp)

[1](#temp-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2369)

**Affected subclause:** [[temp.param]](temp.param)


**Change:** Repurpose export for modules ([[module]](module "10 Modules"), [[cpp.module]](cpp.module "15.5 Module directive"), [[cpp.import]](cpp.import "15.6 Header unit importation"))[.](#temp-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** No implementation consensus for the C++ 2003 meaning of export[.](#temp-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** A valid C++ 2003 program containing export is ill-formed in this
revision of C++[.](#temp-1.sentence-3)

[2](#temp-2)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2378)

**Affected subclause:** [[temp.arg]](temp.arg)


**Change:** Remove whitespace requirement for nested closing template right angle
brackets[.](#temp-2.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Considered a persistent but minor annoyance[.](#temp-2.sentence-2)

Template aliases
representing non-class types would exacerbate whitespace issues[.](#temp-2.sentence-3)


**Effect on original feature:** Change to semantics of well-defined expression[.](#temp-2.sentence-4)

A valid C++ 2003 expression
containing a right angle bracket (â>â) followed immediately by
another right angle bracket may now be treated as closing two templates[.](#temp-2.sentence-5)

[*Example [1](#temp-example-1)*: template <class T> struct X { };template <int N> struct Y { };
X< Y< 1 >> 2 > > x;

This code is valid in C++ 2003 because â>>â
is a right-shift operator, but invalid in this revision of C++ because
â>>â closes two templates[.](#temp-2.sentence-6)

â *end example*]

[3](#temp-3)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2400)

**Affected subclause:** [[temp.dep.candidate]](temp.dep.candidate)


**Change:** Allow dependent calls of functions with internal linkage[.](#temp-3.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Overly constrained, simplify overload resolution rules[.](#temp-3.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** A valid C++ 2003 program can get a different result in this
revision of C++[.](#temp-3.sentence-3)

### [C.6.7](#library) [[library]](library "16 Library introduction"): library introduction [[diff.cpp03.library]](diff.cpp03.library)

[1](#library-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2411)

**Affected:** [[library]](library "16 Library introduction") â [[exec]](exec "33 Execution control library")

**Change:** New reserved identifiers[.](#library-1.sentence-2)


**Rationale:** Required by new features[.](#library-1.sentence-3)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that uses any identifiers added to the C++ standard
library by later revisions of C++ may fail to compile or produce different
results in this revision of C++[.](#library-1.sentence-4)

A comprehensive list of identifiers used
by the C++ standard library can be found in the Index of Library Names in this
document[.](#library-1.sentence-5)

[2](#library-2)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2424)

**Affected subclause:** [[headers]](headers)


**Change:** New headers[.](#library-2.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** New functionality[.](#library-2.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** The following C++ headers are new:[<array>](array.syn#header:%3carray%3e "23.3.2 Header <array> synopsis [array.syn]"),[<atomic>](atomics.syn#header:%3catomic%3e "32.5.2 Header <atomic> synopsis [atomics.syn]"),[<chrono>](time.syn#header:%3cchrono%3e "30.2 Header <chrono> synopsis [time.syn]"),[<condition_variable>](condition.variable.syn#header:%3ccondition_variable%3e "32.7.2 Header <condition_variable> synopsis [condition.variable.syn]"),[<forward_list>](forward.list.syn#header:%3cforward_list%3e "23.3.6 Header <forward_list> synopsis [forward.list.syn]"),[<future>](future.syn#header:%3cfuture%3e "32.10.2 Header <future> synopsis [future.syn]"),<initializer_list> ([[initializer.list.syn]](initializer.list.syn "17.11.2 Header <initializer_list> synopsis")),[<mutex>](mutex.syn#header:%3cmutex%3e "32.6.2 Header <mutex> synopsis [mutex.syn]"),[<random>](rand.synopsis#header:%3crandom%3e "29.5.2 Header <random> synopsis [rand.synopsis]"),[<ratio>](ratio.syn#header:%3cratio%3e "21.5.2 Header <ratio> synopsis [ratio.syn]"),[<regex>](re.syn#header:%3cregex%3e "28.6.3 Header <regex> synopsis [re.syn]"),[<scoped_allocator>](allocator.adaptor.syn#header:%3cscoped_allocator%3e "20.6.1 Header <scoped_allocator> synopsis [allocator.adaptor.syn]"),[<system_error>](system.error.syn#header:%3csystem_error%3e "19.5.2 Header <system_error> synopsis [system.error.syn]"),[<thread>](thread.syn#header:%3cthread%3e "32.4.2 Header <thread> synopsis [thread.syn]"),[<tuple>](tuple.syn#header:%3ctuple%3e "22.4.2 Header <tuple> synopsis [tuple.syn]"),<typeindex> ([[type.index.synopsis]](type.index.synopsis "17.7.6 Header <typeindex> synopsis")),[<type_traits>](meta.type.synop#header:%3ctype_traits%3e "21.3.3 Header <type_traits> synopsis [meta.type.synop]"),[<unordered_map>](unord.map.syn#header:%3cunordered_map%3e "23.5.2 Header <unordered_map> synopsis [unord.map.syn]"),
and[<unordered_set>](unord.set.syn#header:%3cunordered_set%3e "23.5.5 Header <unordered_set> synopsis [unord.set.syn]")[.](#library-2.sentence-3)

In addition the following C compatibility headers are new:[<cfenv>](cfenv.syn#header:%3ccfenv%3e "29.3.1 Header <cfenv> synopsis [cfenv.syn]"),[<cinttypes>](cinttypes.syn#header:%3ccinttypes%3e "31.13.2 Header <cinttypes> synopsis [cinttypes.syn]"),[<cstdint>](cstdint.syn#header:%3ccstdint%3e "17.4.1 Header <cstdint> synopsis [cstdint.syn]"),
and[<cuchar>](cuchar.syn#header:%3ccuchar%3e "28.7.4 Header <cuchar> synopsis [cuchar.syn]")[.](#library-2.sentence-4)

Valid C++ 2003 code that #includes headers with these names may be
invalid in this revision of C++[.](#library-2.sentence-5)

[3](#library-3)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2460)

**Affected subclause:** [[swappable.requirements]](swappable.requirements)


**Change:** Function swap moved to a different header[.](#library-3.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Remove dependency on [<algorithm>](algorithm.syn#header:%3calgorithm%3e "26.4 Header <algorithm> synopsis [algorithm.syn]") for swap[.](#library-3.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that has been compiled expecting swap to be in[<algorithm>](algorithm.syn#header:%3calgorithm%3e "26.4 Header <algorithm> synopsis [algorithm.syn]") may have to instead include [<utility>](utility.syn#header:%3cutility%3e "22.2.1 Header <utility> synopsis [utility.syn]")[.](#library-3.sentence-3)

[4](#library-4)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2469)

**Affected subclause:** [[namespace.posix]](namespace.posix)


**Change:** New reserved namespace[.](#library-4.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** New functionality[.](#library-4.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** The global namespace posix is now reserved for standardization[.](#library-4.sentence-3)

Valid
C++ 2003 code that uses a top-level namespace posix may be invalid in
this revision of C++[.](#library-4.sentence-4)

[5](#library-5)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2479)

**Affected subclause:** [[macro.names]](macro.names)


**Change:** Additional restrictions on macro names[.](#library-5.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Avoid hard to diagnose or non-portable constructs[.](#library-5.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Names of attribute identifiers may not be used as macro names[.](#library-5.sentence-3)

Valid C++ 2003
code that defines override, final, ornoreturn as macros is invalid in this
revision of C++[.](#library-5.sentence-4)

### [C.6.8](#language.support) [[support]](support "17 Language support library"):
language support library [[diff.cpp03.language.support]](diff.cpp03.language.support)

[1](#language.support-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2493)

**Affected subclause:** [[new.delete.single]](new.delete.single)


**Change:** operator new may throw exceptions other thanstd::bad_alloc[.](#language.support-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Consistent application of noexcept[.](#language.support-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that assumes that global operator new only
throws std::bad_alloc may execute differently in this revision of C++[.](#language.support-1.sentence-3)

Valid C++ 2003 code that replaces the global replaceable operator new is ill-formed in this revision of C++,
because the exception specification of throw(std::bad_alloc) was removed[.](#language.support-1.sentence-4)

### [C.6.9](#diagnostics) [[diagnostics]](diagnostics "19 Diagnostics library"): diagnostics library [[diff.cpp03.diagnostics]](diff.cpp03.diagnostics)

[1](#diagnostics-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2509)

**Affected subclause:** [[errno]](errno)


**Change:** Thread-local error numbers[.](#diagnostics-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Support for new thread facilities[.](#diagnostics-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid but implementation-specific C++ 2003 code that relies onerrno being the same across threads may change behavior in this
revision of C++[.](#diagnostics-1.sentence-3)

### [C.6.10](#utilities) [[utilities]](utilities "22 General utilities library"): general utilities library [[diff.cpp03.utilities]](diff.cpp03.utilities)

[1](#utilities-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2521)

**Affected subclauses:** [[refwrap]](refwrap), [[arithmetic.operations]](arithmetic.operations), [[comparisons]](comparisons), [[logical.operations]](logical.operations), and [[bitwise.operations]](bitwise.operations)


**Change:** Standard function object types no longer derived fromstd::unary_function or std::binary_function[.](#utilities-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Superseded by new feature; unary_function andbinary_function are no longer defined[.](#utilities-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that depends on function object types being derived fromunary_function or binary_function may fail to compile
in this revision of C++[.](#utilities-1.sentence-3)

### [C.6.11](#strings) [[strings]](strings "27 Strings library"): strings library [[diff.cpp03.strings]](diff.cpp03.strings)

[1](#strings-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2535)

**Affected subclause:** [[string.classes]](string.classes)


**Change:** basic_string requirements no longer allow reference-counted
strings[.](#strings-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Invalidation is subtly different with reference-counted strings[.](#strings-1.sentence-2)

This change regularizes behavior[.](#strings-1.sentence-3)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may execute differently in this revision of C++[.](#strings-1.sentence-4)

[2](#strings-2)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2545)

**Affected subclause:** [[string.require]](string.require)


**Change:** Loosen basic_string invalidation rules[.](#strings-2.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Allow small-string optimization[.](#strings-2.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may execute differently in this revision of C++[.](#strings-2.sentence-3)

Some const member functions, such as data and c_str,
no longer invalidate iterators[.](#strings-2.sentence-4)

### [C.6.12](#containers) [[containers]](containers "23 Containers library"): containers library [[diff.cpp03.containers]](diff.cpp03.containers)

[1](#containers-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2557)

**Affected subclause:** [[container.requirements]](container.requirements)


**Change:** Complexity of size() member functions now constant[.](#containers-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Lack of specification of complexity of size() resulted in
divergent implementations with inconsistent performance characteristics[.](#containers-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Some container implementations that conform to C++ 2003 may not conform to the
specified size() requirements in this revision of C++[.](#containers-1.sentence-3)

Adjusting
containers such as std::list to the stricter requirements may require
incompatible changes[.](#containers-1.sentence-4)

[2](#containers-2)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2569)

**Affected subclause:** [[container.requirements]](container.requirements)


**Change:** Requirements change: relaxation[.](#containers-2.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Clarification[.](#containers-2.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that attempts to meet the specified container requirements
may now be over-specified[.](#containers-2.sentence-3)

Code that attempted to be portable across containers
may need to be adjusted as follows:

- [(2.1)](#containers-2.1)

not all containers provide size(); use empty() instead
of size() == 0;

- [(2.2)](#containers-2.2)

not all containers are empty after construction (array);

- [(2.3)](#containers-2.3)

not all containers have constant complexity for swap() (array)[.](#containers-2.sentence-4)

[3](#containers-3)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2585)

**Affected subclause:** [[container.requirements]](container.requirements)


**Change:** Requirements change: default constructible[.](#containers-3.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Clarification of container requirements[.](#containers-3.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that attempts to explicitly instantiate a container using
a user-defined type with no default constructor may fail to compile[.](#containers-3.sentence-3)

[4](#containers-4)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2594)

**Affected subclauses:** [[sequence.reqmts]](sequence.reqmts) and [[associative.reqmts]](associative.reqmts)


**Change:** Signature changes: from void return types[.](#containers-4.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Old signature threw away useful information that may be expensive
to recalculate[.](#containers-4.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** The following member functions have changed:

- [(4.1)](#containers-4.1)

erase(iter) for set, multiset, map, multimap

- [(4.2)](#containers-4.2)

erase(begin, end) for set, multiset, map, multimap

- [(4.3)](#containers-4.3)

insert(pos, num, val) for vector, deque, list, forward_list

- [(4.4)](#containers-4.4)

insert(pos, beg, end) for vector, deque, list, forward_list

Valid C++ 2003 code that relies on these functions returning void (e.g., code that creates a pointer to member function that points to one
of these functions) will fail to compile with this revision of C++[.](#containers-4.sentence-4)

[5](#containers-5)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2613)

**Affected subclauses:** [[sequence.reqmts]](sequence.reqmts) and [[associative.reqmts]](associative.reqmts)


**Change:** Signature changes: from iterator to const_iterator parameters[.](#containers-5.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Overspecification[.](#containers-5.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** The signatures of the following member functions changed from taking aniterator to taking a const_iterator:

- [(5.1)](#containers-5.1)

insert(iter, val) for vector, deque, list,set, multiset, map, multimap

- [(5.2)](#containers-5.2)

insert(pos, beg, end) for vector, deque, list,forward_list

- [(5.3)](#containers-5.3)

erase(begin, end) for set, multiset, map, multimap

- [(5.4)](#containers-5.4)

all forms of list::splice

- [(5.5)](#containers-5.5)

all forms of list::merge

Valid C++ 2003 code that uses these functions may fail to compile with this
revision of C++[.](#containers-5.sentence-4)

[6](#containers-6)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2635)

**Affected subclauses:** [[sequence.reqmts]](sequence.reqmts) and [[associative.reqmts]](associative.reqmts)


**Change:** Signature changes: resize[.](#containers-6.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Performance, compatibility with move semantics[.](#containers-6.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** For vector, deque, and list the fill value passed to resize is now passed by reference instead of
by value, and an additional overload of resize has been added[.](#containers-6.sentence-3)

Valid
C++ 2003 code that uses this function may fail to compile with this revision of C++[.](#containers-6.sentence-4)

### [C.6.13](#algorithms) [[algorithms]](algorithms "26 Algorithms library"): algorithms library [[diff.cpp03.algorithms]](diff.cpp03.algorithms)

[1](#algorithms-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2648)

**Affected subclause:** [[algorithms.general]](algorithms.general)


**Change:** Result state of inputs after application of some algorithms[.](#algorithms-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Required by new feature[.](#algorithms-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** A valid C++ 2003 program may detect that an object with a valid but
unspecified state has a different valid but unspecified state with this
revision of C++[.](#algorithms-1.sentence-3)

For example, std::remove andstd::remove_if may leave the tail of the input sequence with a
different set of values than previously[.](#algorithms-1.sentence-4)

### [C.6.14](#numerics) [[numerics]](numerics "29 Numerics library"): numerics library [[diff.cpp03.numerics]](diff.cpp03.numerics)

[1](#numerics-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2662)

**Affected subclause:** [[complex.numbers]](complex.numbers)


**Change:** Specified representation of complex numbers[.](#numerics-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Compatibility with C99[.](#numerics-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that uses implementation-specific knowledge about the
binary representation of the required template specializations ofstd::complex may not be compatible with this revision of C++[.](#numerics-1.sentence-3)

### [C.6.15](#locale) [[localization]](localization "28.3 Localization library"): localization library [[diff.cpp03.locale]](diff.cpp03.locale)

[1](#locale-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2674)

**Affected subclause:** [[facet.num.get.virtuals]](facet.num.get.virtuals)


**Change:** The num_get facet recognizes hexadecimal floating point values[.](#locale-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Required by new feature[.](#locale-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code may have different behavior in this revision of C++[.](#locale-1.sentence-3)

### [C.6.16](#input.output) [[input.output]](input.output "31 Input/output library"): input/output library [[diff.cpp03.input.output]](diff.cpp03.input.output)

[1](#input.output-1)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2684)

**Affected subclauses:** [[istream.sentry]](istream.sentry), [[ostream.sentry]](ostream.sentry), and [[iostate.flags]](iostate.flags)


**Change:** Specify use of explicit in existing boolean conversion functions[.](#input.output-1.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Clarify intentions, avoid workarounds[.](#input.output-1.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that relies on implicit boolean conversions will fail to
compile with this revision of C++[.](#input.output-1.sentence-3)

Such conversions occur in the
following conditions:

- [(1.1)](#input.output-1.1)

passing a value to a function that takes an argument of type bool;

- [(1.2)](#input.output-1.2)

using operator== to compare to false or true;

- [(1.3)](#input.output-1.3)

returning a value from a function with a return type of bool;

- [(1.4)](#input.output-1.4)

initializing members of type bool via aggregate initialization;

- [(1.5)](#input.output-1.5)

initializing a const bool& which would bind to a temporary object[.](#input.output-1.sentence-4)

[2](#input.output-2)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2701)

**Affected subclause:** [[ios.failure]](ios.failure)


**Change:** Change base class of std::ios_base::failure[.](#input.output-2.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** More detailed error messages[.](#input.output-2.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** std::ios_base::failure is no longer derived directly fromstd::exception, but is now derived from std::system_error,
which in turn is derived from std::runtime_error[.](#input.output-2.sentence-3)

Valid C++ 2003 code
that assumes that std::ios_base::failure is derived directly fromstd::exception may execute differently in this revision of C++[.](#input.output-2.sentence-4)

[3](#input.output-3)

[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/compatibility.tex#L2713)

**Affected subclause:** [[ios.base]](ios.base)


**Change:** Flag types in std::ios_base are now bitmasks with values
defined as constexpr static members[.](#input.output-3.sentence-1)


**Rationale:** Required for new features[.](#input.output-3.sentence-2)


**Effect on original feature:** Valid C++ 2003 code that relies on std::ios_base flag types being
represented as std::bitset or as an integer type may fail to compile
with this revision of C++[.](#input.output-3.sentence-3)

[*Example [1](#input.output-example-1)*: #include <iostream>int main() {int flag = std::ios_base::hex;
 std::cout.setf(flag); // error: setf does not take argument of type int} â *end example*]