Merge branch 'master' of github.com:AnthonyCalandra/modern-cpp-features

CPP11.md

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ C++11 includes the following new library features:
 - [std::array](#stdarray)
 - [unordered containers](#unordered-containers)
 - [std::make_shared](#stdmake_shared)
+- [std::ref](#stdref)
 - [memory model](#memory-model)
 - [std::async](#stdasync)
 - [std::begin/end](#stdbeginend)
@@ -869,6 +870,23 @@ foo(std::make_shared<T>(), function_that_throws(), std::make_shared<T>());
 
 See the section on [smart pointers](#smart-pointers) for more information on `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`.
 
+### std::ref
+`std::ref(val)` is used to create object of type `std::reference_wrapper` that holds reference of val. Used in cases when usual reference passing using `&` does not compile or `&` is dropped due to type deduction. `std::cref` is similar but created reference wrapper holds a const reference to val.
+
+```c++
+// create a container to store reference of objects.
+auto val = 99;
+auto _ref = std::ref(val);
+_ref++;
+auto _cref = std::cref(val);
+//_cref++; does not compile
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<int>>vec; // vector<int&>vec does not compile
+vec.push_back(_ref); // vec.push_back(&i) does not compile
+cout << val << endl; // prints 100
+cout << vec[0] << endl; // prints 100
+cout << _cref; // prints 100
+```
+
 ### Memory model
 C++11 introduces a memory model for C++, which means library support for threading and atomic operations. Some of these operations include (but aren't limited to) atomic loads/stores, compare-and-swap, atomic flags, promises, futures, locks, and condition variables.
 

CPP14.md

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::minutes>(day).count(); // == 1440
 
 ### Compile-time integer sequences
 The class template `std::integer_sequence` represents a compile-time sequence of integers. There are a few helpers built on top:
-* `std::make_integer_sequence<T, N...>` - creates a sequence of `0, ..., N - 1` with type `T`.
+* `std::make_integer_sequence<T, N>` - creates a sequence of `0, ..., N - 1` with type `T`.
 * `std::index_sequence_for<T...>` - converts a template parameter pack into an integer sequence.
 
 Convert an array into a tuple:

CPP20.md

@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ After:
 ```c++
 enum class rgba_color_channel { red, green, blue, alpha };
 
-std::string_view to_string(rgba_color_channel channel) {
+std::string_view to_string(rgba_color_channel my_channel) {
   switch (my_channel) {
     using enum rgba_color_channel;
     case red:   return "red";

README.md

@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ C++11 includes the following new library features:
 - [std::array](#stdarray)
 - [unordered containers](#unordered-containers)
 - [std::make_shared](#stdmake_shared)
+- [std::ref](#stdref)
 - [memory model](#memory-model)
 - [std::async](#stdasync)
 - [std::begin/end](#stdbeginend)
@@ -425,7 +426,7 @@ After:
 ```c++
 enum class rgba_color_channel { red, green, blue, alpha };
 
-std::string_view to_string(rgba_color_channel channel) {
+std::string_view to_string(rgba_color_channel my_channel) {
   switch (my_channel) {
     using enum rgba_color_channel;
     case red:   return "red";
@@ -1163,7 +1164,7 @@ std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::minutes>(day).count(); // == 1440
 
 ### Compile-time integer sequences
 The class template `std::integer_sequence` represents a compile-time sequence of integers. There are a few helpers built on top:
-* `std::make_integer_sequence<T, N...>` - creates a sequence of `0, ..., N - 1` with type `T`.
+* `std::make_integer_sequence<T, N>` - creates a sequence of `0, ..., N - 1` with type `T`.
 * `std::index_sequence_for<T...>` - converts a template parameter pack into an integer sequence.
 
 Convert an array into a tuple:
@@ -2012,6 +2013,23 @@ foo(std::make_shared<T>(), function_that_throws(), std::make_shared<T>());
 
 See the section on [smart pointers](#smart-pointers) for more information on `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`.
 
+### std::ref
+`std::ref(val)` is used to create object of type `std::reference_wrapper` that holds reference of val. Used in cases when usual reference passing using `&` does not compile or `&` is dropped due to type deduction. `std::cref` is similar but created reference wrapper holds a const reference to val.
+
+```c++
+// create a container to store reference of objects.
+auto val = 99;
+auto _ref = std::ref(val);
+_ref++;
+auto _cref = std::cref(val);
+//_cref++; does not compile
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<int>>vec; // vector<int&>vec does not compile
+vec.push_back(_ref); // vec.push_back(&i) does not compile
+cout << val << endl; // prints 100
+cout << vec[0] << endl; // prints 100
+cout << _cref; // prints 100
+```
+
 ### Memory model
 C++11 introduces a memory model for C++, which means library support for threading and atomic operations. Some of these operations include (but aren't limited to) atomic loads/stores, compare-and-swap, atomic flags, promises, futures, locks, and condition variables.