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[task.class]
# 33 Execution control library [[exec]](./#exec)
## 33.13 Coroutine utilities [[exec.coro.util]](exec.coro.util#task.class)
### 33.13.6 execution::task [[exec.task]](exec.task#task.class)
#### 33.13.6.2 Class template task [task.class]
namespace std::execution {template<class T, class Environment>class [task](#lib:task "33.13.6.2Class template task[task.class]") {// [[task.state]](task.state "33.13.6.4Class template task::state")template<[receiver](exec.recv.concepts#concept:receiver "33.7.1Receiver concepts[exec.recv.concepts]") Rcvr>class *state*; // *exposition only*public:using sender_concept = sender_t; using completion_signatures = *see below*; using allocator_type = *see below*; using scheduler_type = *see below*; using stop_source_type = *see below*; using stop_token_type = decltype(declval<stop_source_type>().get_token()); using error_types = *see below*; // [[task.promise]](task.promise "33.13.6.5Class task::promise_­type")class promise_type;
task(task&&) noexcept; ~task(); template<[receiver](exec.recv.concepts#concept:receiver "33.7.1Receiver concepts[exec.recv.concepts]") Rcvr>*state*<Rcvr> connect(Rcvr&& rcvr); private: coroutine_handle<promise_type> *handle*; // *exposition only*};}
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7216)
task<T, E> models [sender](exec.snd.concepts#concept:sender "33.9.3Sender concepts[exec.snd.concepts]") ([[exec.snd]](exec.snd "33.9Senders"))
if T is void, a reference type, or a cv-unqualified
non-array object type and E is a class type[.](#1.sentence-1)
Otherwise a program that instantiates the definition of task<T, E> is ill-formed[.](#1.sentence-2)
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7223)
The nested types of task template specializations
are determined based on the Environment parameter:
- [(2.1)](#2.1)
allocator_type is Environment::allocator_type if that [*qualified-id*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:qualified-id "7.5.5.3Qualified names[expr.prim.id.qual]") is valid and denotes a type,allocator<byte> otherwise[.](#2.1.sentence-1)
- [(2.2)](#2.2)
scheduler_type is Environment::scheduler_type if that [*qualified-id*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:qualified-id "7.5.5.3Qualified names[expr.prim.id.qual]") is valid and denotes a type,task_scheduler otherwise[.](#2.2.sentence-1)
- [(2.3)](#2.3)
stop_source_type is Environment::stop_source_type if that [*qualified-id*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:qualified-id "7.5.5.3Qualified names[expr.prim.id.qual]") is valid and denotes a type,inplace_stop_source otherwise[.](#2.3.sentence-1)
- [(2.4)](#2.4)
error_types is Environment::error_types if
that [*qualified-id*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:qualified-id "7.5.5.3Qualified names[expr.prim.id.qual]") is valid and denotes a type,completion_signatures<set_error_t(exception_ptr)> otherwise[.](#2.4.sentence-1)
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7241)
A program is ill-formed if error_types is not a
specialization of completion_signatures<ErrorSigs...> orErrorSigs contains an element which is not of the formset_error_t(E) for some type E[.](#3.sentence-1)
[4](#4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7247)
The type alias completion_signatures is a specialization
of execution::completion_signatures with the template
arguments (in unspecified order):
- [(4.1)](#4.1)
set_value_t() if T is void,
and set_value_t(T) otherwise;
- [(4.2)](#4.2)
template arguments of the specialization ofexecution::completion_signatures denoted by error_types;
and
- [(4.3)](#4.3)
set_stopped_t()[.](#4.sentence-1)
[5](#5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7260)
allocator_type shall meet the *Cpp17Allocator* requirements[.](#5.sentence-1)

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[task.members]
# 33 Execution control library [[exec]](./#exec)
## 33.13 Coroutine utilities [[exec.coro.util]](exec.coro.util#task.members)
### 33.13.6 execution::task [[exec.task]](exec.task#task.members)
#### 33.13.6.3 task members [task.members]
[🔗](#lib:task,constructor)
`task(task&& other) noexcept;
`
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7271)
*Effects*: Initializes *handle* with exchange(other.*handle*,{})[.](#1.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:task,destructor)
`~task();
`
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7282)
*Effects*: Equivalent to:if (*handle*)*handle*.destroy();
[🔗](#lib:connect,task)
`template<[receiver](exec.recv.concepts#concept:receiver "33.7.1Receiver concepts[exec.recv.concepts]") Rcvr>
state<Rcvr> connect(Rcvr&& recv);
`
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7297)
*Preconditions*: bool(*handle*) is true[.](#3.sentence-1)
[4](#4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7301)
*Effects*: Equivalent to:return *state*<Rcvr>(exchange(*handle*, {}), std::forward<Rcvr>(recv));

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[task.overview]
# 33 Execution control library [[exec]](./#exec)
## 33.13 Coroutine utilities [[exec.coro.util]](exec.coro.util#task.overview)
### 33.13.6 execution::task [[exec.task]](exec.task#task.overview)
#### 33.13.6.1 task overview [task.overview]
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7171)
The task class template represents a sender that can
be used as the return type of coroutines[.](#1.sentence-1)
The first template parameter T defines the type of the value
completion datum ([[exec.async.ops]](exec.async.ops "33.3Asynchronous operations")) if T is not void[.](#1.sentence-2)
Otherwise, there are no value completion datums[.](#1.sentence-3)
Inside coroutines returning task<T, E> the operand ofco_return (if any) becomes the argument of set_value[.](#1.sentence-4)
The second template parameter Environment is used to customize
the behavior of task[.](#1.sentence-5)

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[task.promise]
# 33 Execution control library [[exec]](./#exec)
## 33.13 Coroutine utilities [[exec.coro.util]](exec.coro.util#task.promise)
### 33.13.6 execution::task [[exec.task]](exec.task#task.promise)
#### 33.13.6.5 Class task::promise_type [task.promise]
namespace std::execution {template<class T, class Environment>class task<T, Environment>::promise_type {public:template<class... Args> promise_type(const Args&... args);
task get_return_object() noexcept; auto initial_suspend() noexcept; auto final_suspend() noexcept; void uncaught_exception();
coroutine_handle<> unhandled_stopped(); void return_void(); // present only if is_void_v<T> is truetemplate<class V>void return_value(V&& value); // present only if is_void_v<T> is falsetemplate<class E>*unspecified* yield_value(with_error<E> error); template<class A>auto await_transform(A&& a); template<class Sch>auto await_transform(change_coroutine_scheduler<Sch> sch); *unspecified* get_env() const noexcept; template<class... Args>void* operator new(size_t size, Args&&... args); void operator delete(void* pointer, size_t size) noexcept; private:using *error-variant* = *see below*; // *exposition only* allocator_type *alloc*; // *exposition only* stop_source_type *source*; // *exposition only* stop_token_type *token*; // *exposition only* optional<T> *result*; // *exposition only*; present only if is_void_v<T> is false*error-variant* *errors*; // *exposition only*};}
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7466)
Let *prom* be an object of promise_type and let *tsk* be the task object
created by *prom*.get_return_object()[.](#1.sentence-1)
The description below
refers to objects *STATE*(*prom*),*RCVR*(*prom*),
and *SCHED*(*prom*) associated with *tsk* during evaluation of task::*state*<Rcvr>::start for some receiver Rcvr[.](#1.sentence-2)
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7478)
*error-variant* is a variant<monostate,
remove_cvref_t<E>...>, with duplicate types removed, where E... are the parameter types of the template arguments of the specialization ofexecution::completion_signatures denoted byerror_types[.](#2.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:task::promise_type,constructor)
`template<class... Args>
promise_type(const Args&... args);
`
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7491)
*Mandates*: The first parameter of type allocator_arg_t (if any) is not
the last parameter[.](#3.sentence-1)
[4](#4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7496)
*Effects*: If Args contains an element of type allocator_arg_t then *alloc* is initialized with the corresponding next
element of args[.](#4.sentence-1)
Otherwise, *alloc* is initialized with allocator_type()[.](#4.sentence-2)
[🔗](#lib:get_return_object,task::promise_type)
`task get_return_object() noexcept;
`
[5](#5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7509)
*Returns*: A task object whose member *handle* iscoroutine_handle<promise_type>::from_promise(*this)[.](#5.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:initial_suspend,task::promise_type)
`auto initial_suspend() noexcept;
`
[6](#6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7520)
*Returns*: An awaitable object of unspecified type ([[expr.await]](expr.await "7.6.2.4Await")) whose
member functions arrange for
- [(6.1)](#6.1)
the calling coroutine to be suspended,
- [(6.2)](#6.2)
the coroutine to be resumed on an execution agent of the
execution resource associated with *SCHED*(*this)[.](#6.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:final_suspend,task::promise_type)
`auto final_suspend() noexcept;
`
[7](#7)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7536)
*Returns*: An awaitable object of unspecified type ([[expr.await]](expr.await "7.6.2.4Await")) whose
member functions arrange for the completion of the asynchronous
operation associated with *STATE*(*this) by invoking:
- [(7.1)](#7.1)
set_error(std::move(*RCVR*(*this)), std::move(e)) if *errors*.index() is greater than zero ande is the value held by *errors*, otherwise
- [(7.2)](#7.2)
set_value(std::move(*RCVR*(*this))) if is_void<T> is true,
and otherwise
- [(7.3)](#7.3)
set_value(std::move(*RCVR*(*this)), **result*)[.](#7.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:yield_value,task::promise_type)
`template<class Err>
auto yield_value(with_error<Err> err);
`
[8](#8)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7560)
*Mandates*: std::move(err.error) is convertible to exactly one of theset_error_t argument types of error_types[.](#8.sentence-1)
Let *Cerr* be that type[.](#8.sentence-2)
[9](#9)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7566)
*Returns*: An awaitable object of unspecified type ([[expr.await]](expr.await "7.6.2.4Await")) whose
member functions arrange for the calling coroutine to be suspended
and then completes the asynchronous operation associated with*STATE*(*this) by invoking set_error(std::move(*RCVR*(*this)),*Cerr*(std::move(err.error)))[.](#9.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:await_transform,task::promise_type)
`template<[sender](exec.snd.concepts#concept:sender "33.9.3Sender concepts[exec.snd.concepts]") Sender>
auto await_transform(Sender&& sndr) noexcept;
`
[10](#10)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7581)
*Returns*: If [same_as](concept.same#concept:same_as "18.4.2Concept same_­as[concept.same]")<inline_scheduler, scheduler_type> is true returns as_awaitable(std::forward<Sender>(sndr), *this);
otherwise returnsas_awaitable(affine_on(std::forward<Sender>(sndr), *SCHED*(*this)), *this)[.](#10.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:await_transform,task::promise_type_)
`template<class Sch>
auto await_transform(change_coroutine_scheduler<Sch> sch) noexcept;
`
[11](#11)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7595)
*Effects*: Equivalent to:return await_transform(just(exchange(*SCHED*(*this), scheduler_type(sch.scheduler))), *this);
[🔗](#lib:uncaught_exception,task::promise_type)
`void uncaught_exception();
`
[12](#12)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7608)
*Effects*: If the signature set_error_t(exception_ptr) is not an element
of error_types, calls terminate() ([[except.terminate]](except.terminate "14.6.2The std::terminate function"))[.](#12.sentence-1)
Otherwise, stores current_exception() into *errors*[.](#12.sentence-2)
[🔗](#lib:unhandled_stopped,task::promise_type)
`coroutine_handle<> unhandled_stopped();
`
[13](#13)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7620)
*Effects*: Completes the asynchronous operation associated with *STATE*(*this) by invoking set_stopped(std::move(*RCVR*(*this)))[.](#13.sentence-1)
[14](#14)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7626)
*Returns*: noop_coroutine()[.](#14.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:get_env,task::promise_type)
`unspecified get_env() const noexcept;
`
[15](#15)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7636)
*Returns*: An object env such that queries are forwarded as follows:
- [(15.1)](#15.1)
env.query(get_scheduler) returns scheduler_type(*SCHED*(*this))[.](#15.1.sentence-1)
- [(15.2)](#15.2)
env.query(get_allocator) returns *alloc*[.](#15.2.sentence-1)
- [(15.3)](#15.3)
env.query(get_stop_token) returns *token*[.](#15.3.sentence-1)
- [(15.4)](#15.4)
For any other query q and arguments a... a
call to env.query(q, a...) returns*STATE*(*this)[.](#15.4.sentence-1)
environment.query(q, a...) if this expression
is well-formed and forwarding_query(q) is well-formed and is true[.](#15.4.sentence-2)
Otherwise env.query(q, a...) is ill-formed[.](#15.4.sentence-3)
[🔗](#lib:operator_new,task::promise_type)
`template<class... Args>
void* operator new(size_t size, const Args&... args);
`
[16](#16)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7657)
If there is no parameter with type allocator_arg_t then letalloc be allocator_type()[.](#16.sentence-1)
Otherwise, let arg_next be the parameter
following the first allocator_arg_t parameter,
and let alloc be allocator_type(arg_next)[.](#16.sentence-2)
Let PAlloc be allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template rebind_alloc<U>, where U is an unspecified type
whose size and alignment are both __STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__[.](#16.sentence-3)
[17](#17)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7667)
*Mandates*:
- [(17.1)](#17.1)
The first parameter of type allocator_arg_t (if any) is not the last parameter[.](#17.1.sentence-1)
- [(17.2)](#17.2)
allocator_type(arg_next) is a valid expression if there is a parameter
of type allocator_arg_t[.](#17.2.sentence-1)
- [(17.3)](#17.3)
allocator_traits<PAlloc>::pointer is a pointer type[.](#17.3.sentence-1)
[18](#18)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7676)
*Effects*: Initializes an allocator palloc of type PAlloc withalloc[.](#18.sentence-1)
Uses palloc to allocate storage for the
smallest array of U sufficient to provide storage for a
coroutine state of size size, and unspecified additional
state necessary to ensure that operator delete can later
deallocate this memory block with an allocator equal to palloc[.](#18.sentence-2)
[19](#19)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7686)
*Returns*: A pointer to the allocated storage[.](#19.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:operator_delete,task::promise_type)
`void operator delete(void* pointer, size_t size) noexcept;
`
[20](#20)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7696)
*Preconditions*: pointer was returned from an invocation of the above overload
of operator new with a size argument equal to size[.](#20.sentence-1)
[21](#21)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7701)
*Effects*: Deallocates the storage pointed to by pointer using an
allocator equal to that used to allocate it[.](#21.sentence-1)

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[task.state]
# 33 Execution control library [[exec]](./#exec)
## 33.13 Coroutine utilities [[exec.coro.util]](exec.coro.util#task.state)
### 33.13.6 execution::task [[exec.task]](exec.task#task.state)
#### 33.13.6.4 Class template task::*state* [task.state]
namespace std::execution {template<class T, class Environment>template<[receiver](exec.recv.concepts#concept:receiver "33.7.1Receiver concepts[exec.recv.concepts]") Rcvr>class task<T, Environment>::*state* { // *exposition only*public:using operation_state_concept = operation_state_t; template<class R>*state*(coroutine_handle<promise_type> h, R&& rr); ~*state*(); void start() & noexcept; private:using *own-env-t* = *see below*; // *exposition only* coroutine_handle<promise_type> *handle*; // *exposition only* remove_cvref_t<Rcvr> *rcvr*; // *exposition only**own-env-t* *own-env*; // *exposition only* Environment *environment*; // *exposition only*};}
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7336)
The type *own-env-t* is Environment::template env_type<decltype(get_env(declval<Rcvr>()))> if that[*qualified-id*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:qualified-id "7.5.5.3Qualified names[expr.prim.id.qual]") is valid and denotes a type, env<> otherwise[.](#1.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:task::state,constructor)
`template<class R>
state(coroutine_handle<promise_type> h, R&& rr);
`
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7347)
*Effects*: Initializes
- [(2.1)](#2.1)
*handle* with std::move(h);
- [(2.2)](#2.2)
*rcvr* with std::forward<R>(rr);
- [(2.3)](#2.3)
*own-env* with *own-env-t*(get_env(*rcvr*)) if that expression
is valid and *own-env-t*() otherwise[.](#2.3.sentence-1)
If neither of these expressions is valid, the program is ill-formed[.](#2.3.sentence-2)
- [(2.4)](#2.4)
*environment* withEnvironment(*own-env*) if that expression is
valid, otherwise Environment(get_env(*rcvr*)) if this expression is valid, otherwise Environment()[.](#2.4.sentence-1)
If neither of these expressions is valid, the program is ill-formed[.](#2.4.sentence-2)
[🔗](#lib:task::state,destructor)
`~state();
`
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7370)
*Effects*: Equivalent to:if (*handle*)*handle*.destroy();
[🔗](#lib:start,task::state)
`void start() & noexcept;
`
[4](#4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/exec.tex#L7384)
*Effects*: Let *prom* be the object *handle*.promise()[.](#4.sentence-1)
Associates *STATE*(*prom*), *RCVR*(*prom*), and *SCHED*(*prom*) with *this as follows:
- [(4.1)](#4.1)
*STATE*(*prom*) is *this[.](#4.1.sentence-1)
- [(4.2)](#4.2)
*RCVR*(*prom*) is *rcvr*[.](#4.2.sentence-1)
- [(4.3)](#4.3)
*SCHED*(*prom*) is the object initialized
with scheduler_type(get_scheduler(get_env(*rcvr*))) if that expression is valid and scheduler_type() otherwise[.](#4.3.sentence-1)
If neither of these expressions is valid, the program is ill-formed[.](#4.3.sentence-2)
Let *st* be get_stop_token(get_env(*rcvr*))[.](#4.sentence-3)
Initializes *prom*.*token* and*prom*.*source* such that
- [(4.4)](#4.4)
*prom*.*token*.stop_requested() returns*st*.stop_requested();
- [(4.5)](#4.5)
*prom*.*token*.stop_possible() returns*st*.stop_possible(); and
- [(4.6)](#4.6)
for types Fn and Init such that both[invocable](concept.invocable#concept:invocable "18.7.2Concept invocable[concept.invocable]")<Fn> and[constructible_from](concept.constructible#concept:constructible_from "18.4.11Concept constructible_­from[concept.constructible]")<Fn, Init> are modeled,stop_token_type::callback_type<Fn> models[*stoppable-callback-for*](stoptoken.concepts#concept:stoppable-callback-for "32.3.3Stop token concepts[stoptoken.concepts]")<Fn, stop_token_type, Init>[.](#4.sentence-4)
After that invokes *handle*.resume()[.](#4.sentence-5)