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[saferecl]
# 32 Concurrency support library [[thread]](./#thread)
## 32.11 Safe reclamation [saferecl]
### [32.11.1](#general) General [[saferecl.general]](saferecl.general)
[1](#general-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L12912)
Subclause [saferecl] contains safe-reclamation techniques, which are most
frequently used to straightforwardly resolve access-deletion races[.](#general-1.sentence-1)
### [32.11.2](#rcu) Read-copy update (RCU) [[saferecl.rcu]](saferecl.rcu)
#### [32.11.2.1](#rcu.general) General [[saferecl.rcu.general]](saferecl.rcu.general)
[1](#rcu.general-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L12920)
RCU is a synchronization mechanism
that can be used for linked data structures
that are frequently read, but seldom updated[.](#rcu.general-1.sentence-1)
RCU does not provide mutual exclusion,
but instead allows the user to schedule specified actions
such as deletion at some later time[.](#rcu.general-1.sentence-2)
[2](#rcu.general-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L12928)
A class type T is [*rcu-protectable*](#def:rcu-protectable "32.11.2.1 General [saferecl.rcu.general]") if it has exactly one base class of type rcu_obj_base<T, D> for some D, and that base is public and non-virtual, and
it has no base classes of type rcu_obj_base<X, Y> for any other combination X, Y[.](#rcu.general-2.sentence-1)
An object is rcu-protectable if it is of rcu-protectable type[.](#rcu.general-2.sentence-2)
[3](#rcu.general-3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L12936)
An invocation of unlock U on an rcu_domain dom corresponds to an invocation of lock L on dom if L is sequenced before U and either
- [(3.1)](#rcu.general-3.1)
no other invocation of lock on dom is sequenced after L and before U, or
- [(3.2)](#rcu.general-3.2)
every invocation of unlock U2 on dom such that L is sequenced before U2 and U2 is sequenced before U corresponds to an invocation of lock L2 on dom such that L is sequenced before L2 and L2 is sequenced before U2[.](#rcu.general-3.sentence-1)
[*Note [1](#rcu.general-note-1)*:
This pairs nested locks and unlocks on a given domain in each thread[.](#rcu.general-3.sentence-2)
— *end note*]
[4](#rcu.general-4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L12954)
A [*region of RCU protection*](#def:region_of_RCU_protection "32.11.2.1 General [saferecl.rcu.general]") on a domain dom starts with a lock L on dom and
ends with its corresponding unlock U[.](#rcu.general-4.sentence-1)
[5](#rcu.general-5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L12959)
Given a region of RCU protection R on a domain dom and
given an evaluation E that scheduled another evaluation F in dom,
if E does not strongly happen before the start of R,
the end of R strongly happens before evaluating F[.](#rcu.general-5.sentence-1)
[6](#rcu.general-6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L12965)
The evaluation of a scheduled evaluation is potentially concurrent with
any other scheduled evaluation[.](#rcu.general-6.sentence-1)
Each scheduled evaluation is evaluated at most once[.](#rcu.general-6.sentence-2)
#### [32.11.2.2](#rcu.syn) Header <rcu> synopsis [[rcu.syn]](rcu.syn)
[🔗](#header:%3crcu%3e)
namespace std {// [[saferecl.rcu.base]](#rcu.base "32.11.2.3 Class template rcu_­obj_­base"), class template rcu_obj_basetemplate<class T, class D = default_delete<T>> class rcu_obj_base; // [[saferecl.rcu.domain]](#rcu.domain "32.11.2.4 Class rcu_­domain"), class rcu_domainclass rcu_domain; // [[saferecl.rcu.domain.func]](#rcu.domain.func "32.11.2.4.3 Non-member functions"), non-member functions rcu_domain& rcu_default_domain() noexcept; void rcu_synchronize(rcu_domain& dom = rcu_default_domain()) noexcept; void rcu_barrier(rcu_domain& dom = rcu_default_domain()) noexcept; template<class T, class D = default_delete<T>>void rcu_retire(T* p, D d = D(), rcu_domain& dom = rcu_default_domain());}
#### [32.11.2.3](#rcu.base) Class template rcu_obj_base [[saferecl.rcu.base]](saferecl.rcu.base)
[1](#rcu.base-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L12992)
Objects of type T to be protected by RCU inherit from
a specialization rcu_obj_base<T, D> for some D[.](#rcu.base-1.sentence-1)
namespace std {template<class T, class D = default_delete<T>>class rcu_obj_base {public:void retire(D d = D(), rcu_domain& dom = rcu_default_domain()) noexcept; protected: rcu_obj_base() = default;
rcu_obj_base(const rcu_obj_base&) = default;
rcu_obj_base(rcu_obj_base&&) = default;
rcu_obj_base& operator=(const rcu_obj_base&) = default;
rcu_obj_base& operator=(rcu_obj_base&&) = default; ~rcu_obj_base() = default; private: D *deleter*; // *exposition only*};}
[2](#rcu.base-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13015)
The behavior of a program that adds specializations for rcu_obj_base is undefined[.](#rcu.base-2.sentence-1)
[3](#rcu.base-3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13019)
T may be an incomplete type[.](#rcu.base-3.sentence-1)
It shall be complete before any member of the resulting specialization ofrcu_obj_base is referenced[.](#rcu.base-3.sentence-2)
[4](#rcu.base-4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13024)
D shall be a
function object type ([[function.objects]](function.objects "22.10 Function objects")) for which,
given a value d of type D and
a value ptr of type T*,
the expression d(ptr) is valid[.](#rcu.base-4.sentence-1)
[5](#rcu.base-5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13031)
D shall meet the requirements for[*Cpp17DefaultConstructible*](utility.arg.requirements#:Cpp17DefaultConstructible "16.4.4.2 Template argument requirements [utility.arg.requirements]") and [*Cpp17MoveAssignable*](utility.arg.requirements#:Cpp17MoveAssignable "16.4.4.2 Template argument requirements [utility.arg.requirements]")[.](#rcu.base-5.sentence-1)
[6](#rcu.base-6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13035)
If D is trivially copyable,
all specializations of rcu_obj_base<T, D> are trivially copyable[.](#rcu.base-6.sentence-1)
[🔗](#rcu.base-itemdecl:1)
`void retire(D d = D(), rcu_domain& dom = rcu_default_domain()) noexcept;
`
[7](#rcu.base-7)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13044)
*Mandates*: T is an rcu-protectable type[.](#rcu.base-7.sentence-1)
[8](#rcu.base-8)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13048)
*Preconditions*: *this is
a base class subobject of an object x of type T[.](#rcu.base-8.sentence-1)
The member function rcu_obj_base<T, D>​::​retire was not invoked on x before[.](#rcu.base-8.sentence-2)
The assignment to *deleter* does not exit via an exception[.](#rcu.base-8.sentence-3)
[9](#rcu.base-9)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13056)
*Effects*: Evaluates *deleter* = std​::​move(d) and
schedules the evaluation of
the expression *deleter*(
addressof(x)) in the domain dom;
the behavior is undefined if that evaluation exits via an exception[.](#rcu.base-9.sentence-1)
May invoke scheduled evaluations in dom[.](#rcu.base-9.sentence-2)
[*Note [1](#rcu.base-note-1)*:
If such evaluations acquire resources held across any invocation ofretire on dom, deadlock can occur[.](#rcu.base-9.sentence-3)
— *end note*]
#### [32.11.2.4](#rcu.domain) Class rcu_domain [[saferecl.rcu.domain]](saferecl.rcu.domain)
#### [32.11.2.4.1](#rcu.domain.general) General [[saferecl.rcu.domain.general]](saferecl.rcu.domain.general)
namespace std {class rcu_domain {public: rcu_domain(const rcu_domain&) = delete;
rcu_domain& operator=(const rcu_domain&) = delete; void lock() noexcept; bool try_lock() noexcept; void unlock() noexcept; };}
[1](#rcu.domain.general-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13089)
This class meets the requirements of[*Cpp17Lockable*](thread.req.lockable.req#:Cpp17Lockable "32.2.5.3 Cpp17Lockable requirements [thread.req.lockable.req]") ([[thread.req.lockable.req]](thread.req.lockable.req "32.2.5.3 Cpp17Lockable requirements")) and
provides regions of RCU protection[.](#rcu.domain.general-1.sentence-1)
[*Example [1](#rcu.domain.general-example-1)*: std::scoped_lock<rcu_domain> rlock(rcu_default_domain()); — *end example*]
[2](#rcu.domain.general-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13099)
The functions lock and unlock establish
(possibly nested) regions of RCU protection[.](#rcu.domain.general-2.sentence-1)
#### [32.11.2.4.2](#rcu.domain.members) Member functions [[saferecl.rcu.domain.members]](saferecl.rcu.domain.members)
[🔗](#lib:lock,rcu_domain)
`void lock() noexcept;
`
[1](#rcu.domain.members-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13111)
*Effects*: Opens a region of RCU protection[.](#rcu.domain.members-1.sentence-1)
[2](#rcu.domain.members-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13115)
*Remarks*: Calls to lock do not introduce a data race ([[intro.races]](intro.races "6.10.2.2 Data races")) involving *this[.](#rcu.domain.members-2.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:try_lock,rcu_domain)
`bool try_lock() noexcept;
`
[3](#rcu.domain.members-3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13127)
*Effects*: Equivalent to lock()[.](#rcu.domain.members-3.sentence-1)
[4](#rcu.domain.members-4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13131)
*Returns*: true[.](#rcu.domain.members-4.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:unlock,rcu_domain)
`void unlock() noexcept;
`
[5](#rcu.domain.members-5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13142)
*Preconditions*: A call to lock that opened an unclosed region of RCU protection
is sequenced before the call to unlock[.](#rcu.domain.members-5.sentence-1)
[6](#rcu.domain.members-6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13148)
*Effects*: Closes the unclosed region of RCU protection
that was most recently opened[.](#rcu.domain.members-6.sentence-1)
May invoke scheduled evaluations in *this[.](#rcu.domain.members-6.sentence-2)
[7](#rcu.domain.members-7)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13154)
[*Note [1](#rcu.domain.members-note-1)*:
If such evaluations acquire resources
held across any invocation of unlock on *this,
deadlock can occur[.](#rcu.domain.members-7.sentence-1)
— *end note*]
[8](#rcu.domain.members-8)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13161)
*Remarks*: Calls to unlock do not introduce a data race involving *this[.](#rcu.domain.members-8.sentence-1)
[*Note [2](#rcu.domain.members-note-2)*:
Evaluation of scheduled evaluations can still cause a data race[.](#rcu.domain.members-8.sentence-2)
— *end note*]
#### [32.11.2.4.3](#rcu.domain.func) Non-member functions [[saferecl.rcu.domain.func]](saferecl.rcu.domain.func)
[🔗](#lib:rcu_default_domain)
`rcu_domain& rcu_default_domain() noexcept;
`
[1](#rcu.domain.func-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13177)
*Returns*: A reference to a static-duration object of type rcu_domain[.](#rcu.domain.func-1.sentence-1)
A reference to the same object is returned every time this function is called[.](#rcu.domain.func-1.sentence-2)
[🔗](#lib:rcu_synchronize)
`void rcu_synchronize(rcu_domain& dom = rcu_default_domain()) noexcept;
`
[2](#rcu.domain.func-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13189)
*Effects*: If the call to rcu_synchronize does not strongly happen before
the lock opening an RCU protection region R on dom,
blocks until the unlock closing R happens[.](#rcu.domain.func-2.sentence-1)
[3](#rcu.domain.func-3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13195)
*Synchronization*: The unlock closing R strongly happens before the return from rcu_synchronize[.](#rcu.domain.func-3.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:rcu_barrier)
`void rcu_barrier(rcu_domain& dom = rcu_default_domain()) noexcept;
`
[4](#rcu.domain.func-4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13207)
*Effects*: May evaluate any scheduled evaluations in dom[.](#rcu.domain.func-4.sentence-1)
For any evaluation that happens before the call to rcu_barrier and
that schedules an evaluation E in dom,
blocks until E has been evaluated[.](#rcu.domain.func-4.sentence-2)
[5](#rcu.domain.func-5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13214)
*Synchronization*: The evaluation of any such E strongly happens before the return from rcu_barrier[.](#rcu.domain.func-5.sentence-1)
[*Note [1](#rcu.domain.func-note-1)*:
A call to rcu_barrier does not imply
a call to rcu_synchronize and vice versa[.](#rcu.domain.func-5.sentence-2)
— *end note*]
[🔗](#lib:rcu_retire)
`template<class T, class D = default_delete<T>>
void rcu_retire(T* p, D d = D(), rcu_domain& dom = rcu_default_domain());
`
[6](#rcu.domain.func-6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13232)
*Mandates*: is_move_constructible_v<D> is true and
the expression d(p) is well-formed[.](#rcu.domain.func-6.sentence-1)
[7](#rcu.domain.func-7)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13237)
*Preconditions*: D meets the [*Cpp17MoveConstructible*](utility.arg.requirements#:Cpp17MoveConstructible "16.4.4.2 Template argument requirements [utility.arg.requirements]") and[*Cpp17Destructible*](utility.arg.requirements#:Cpp17Destructible "16.4.4.2 Template argument requirements [utility.arg.requirements]") requirements[.](#rcu.domain.func-7.sentence-1)
[8](#rcu.domain.func-8)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13242)
*Effects*: May allocate memory[.](#rcu.domain.func-8.sentence-1)
It is unspecified whether the memory allocation
is performed by invoking operator new[.](#rcu.domain.func-8.sentence-2)
Initializes an object d1 of type D from std​::​move(d)[.](#rcu.domain.func-8.sentence-3)
Schedules the evaluation of d1(p) in the domain dom;
the behavior is undefined if that evaluation exits via an exception[.](#rcu.domain.func-8.sentence-4)
May invoke scheduled evaluations in dom[.](#rcu.domain.func-8.sentence-5)
[*Note [2](#rcu.domain.func-note-2)*:
If rcu_retire exits via an exception, no evaluation
is scheduled[.](#rcu.domain.func-8.sentence-6)
— *end note*]
[9](#rcu.domain.func-9)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13256)
*Throws*: bad_alloc or any exception thrown by the initialization of d1[.](#rcu.domain.func-9.sentence-1)
[10](#rcu.domain.func-10)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13260)
[*Note [3](#rcu.domain.func-note-3)*:
If scheduled evaluations acquire resources
held across any invocation of rcu_retire on dom,
deadlock can occur[.](#rcu.domain.func-10.sentence-1)
— *end note*]
### [32.11.3](#hp) Hazard pointers [[saferecl.hp]](saferecl.hp)
#### [32.11.3.1](#hp.general) General [[saferecl.hp.general]](saferecl.hp.general)
[1](#hp.general-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13272)
A hazard pointer is a single-writer multi-reader pointer
that can be owned by at most one thread at any time[.](#hp.general-1.sentence-1)
Only the owner of the hazard pointer can set its value,
while any number of threads may read its value[.](#hp.general-1.sentence-2)
The owner thread sets the value of a hazard pointer to point to an object
in order to indicate to concurrent threads—which
may delete such an object—that
the object is not yet safe to delete[.](#hp.general-1.sentence-3)
[2](#hp.general-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13283)
A class type T is [*hazard-protectable*](#def:hazard-protectable "32.11.3.1 General [saferecl.hp.general]") if it has exactly one base class of type hazard_pointer_obj_base<T, D> for some D,
that base is public and non-virtual, and
it has no base classes of type hazard_pointer_obj_base<T2, D2> for any other combination T2, D2[.](#hp.general-2.sentence-1)
An object is [*hazard-protectable*](#def:hazard-protectable "32.11.3.1 General [saferecl.hp.general]") if it is of hazard-protectable type[.](#hp.general-2.sentence-2)
[3](#hp.general-3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13292)
The time span between creation and destruction of a hazard pointer h is partitioned into a series of [*protection epochs*](#def:epoch,protection "32.11.3.1 General [saferecl.hp.general]");
in each protection epoch,h either is [*associated with*](#def:hazard_pointer,associated "32.11.3.1 General [saferecl.hp.general]") a hazard-protectable object, or is [*unassociated*](#def:hazard_pointer,unassociated "32.11.3.1 General [saferecl.hp.general]")[.](#hp.general-3.sentence-1)
Upon creation, a hazard pointer is unassociated[.](#hp.general-3.sentence-2)
Changing the association (possibly to the same object)
initiates a new protection epoch and ends the preceding one[.](#hp.general-3.sentence-3)
[4](#hp.general-4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13302)
An object x of hazard-protectable type T is[*retired*](#def:retired "32.11.3.1 General [saferecl.hp.general]") with a deleter of type D when the member function hazard_pointer_obj_base<T, D>​::​retire is invoked on x[.](#hp.general-4.sentence-1)
Any given object x shall be retired at most once[.](#hp.general-4.sentence-2)
[5](#hp.general-5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13309)
A retired object x is [*reclaimed*](#def:reclaimed "32.11.3.1 General [saferecl.hp.general]") by invoking its deleter with a pointer to x;
the behavior is undefined if that invocation exits via an exception[.](#hp.general-5.sentence-1)
[6](#hp.general-6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13314)
A hazard-protectable object x is [*possibly-reclaimable*](#def:possibly-reclaimable "32.11.3.1 General [saferecl.hp.general]") with respect to an evaluation A if
- [(6.1)](#hp.general-6.1)
x is not reclaimed; and
- [(6.2)](#hp.general-6.2)
x is retired in an evaluation R andA does not happen before R; and
- [(6.3)](#hp.general-6.3)
for all hazard pointers h and for every protection epoch E of h during which h is associated with x:
* [(6.3.1)](#hp.general-6.3.1)
if the beginning of E happens before R,
the end of E strongly happens before A; and
* [(6.3.2)](#hp.general-6.3.2)
if E began by an evaluation of try_protect with argument src,
label its atomic load operation L[.](#hp.general-6.sentence-1)
If there exists an atomic modification B on src such that L observes a modification that is modification-ordered before B, andB happens before x is retired,
the end of E strongly happens before A[.](#hp.general-6.3.2.sentence-2)
[*Note [1](#hp.general-note-1)*:
In typical use, a store to src sequenced before retiring x will be such an atomic operation B[.](#hp.general-6.3.2.sentence-3)
— *end note*]
[*Note [2](#hp.general-note-2)*:
The latter two conditions convey the informal notion
that a protection epoch that began before retiring x,
as implied either by the happens-before relation or
the coherence order of some source,
delays the reclamation of x[.](#hp.general-6.3.sentence-2)
— *end note*]
[7](#hp.general-7)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13351)
The number of possibly-reclaimable objects has an unspecified bound[.](#hp.general-7.sentence-1)
[*Note [3](#hp.general-note-3)*:
The bound can be a function of the number of hazard pointers,
the number of threads that retire objects, and
the number of threads that use hazard pointers[.](#hp.general-7.sentence-2)
— *end note*]
[*Example [1](#hp.general-example-1)*:
The following example shows how hazard pointers allow updates to be carried out
in the presence of concurrent readers[.](#hp.general-7.sentence-3)
The object of type hazard_pointer in print_name protects the object *ptr from being reclaimed by ptr->retire until the end of the protection epoch[.](#hp.general-7.sentence-4)
struct Name : public hazard_pointer_obj_base<Name> { /* details */ };
atomic<Name*> name;// called often and in parallel!void print_name() { hazard_pointer h = make_hazard_pointer();
Name* ptr = h.protect(name); // Protection epoch starts// ... safe to access *ptr} // Protection epoch ends.// called rarely, but possibly concurrently with print_namevoid update_name(Name* new_name) { Name* ptr = name.exchange(new_name);
ptr->retire();} — *end example*]
#### [32.11.3.2](#hazard.pointer.syn) Header <hazard_pointer> synopsis [[hazard.pointer.syn]](hazard.pointer.syn)
[🔗](#header:%3chazard_pointer%3e)
namespace std {// [[saferecl.hp.base]](#hp.base "32.11.3.3 Class template hazard_­pointer_­obj_­base"), class template hazard_pointer_obj_basetemplate<class T, class D = default_delete<T>> class hazard_pointer_obj_base; // [[saferecl.hp.holder]](#hp.holder "32.11.3.4 Class hazard_­pointer"), class hazard_pointerclass hazard_pointer; // [[saferecl.hp.holder.nonmem]](#hp.holder.nonmem "32.11.3.4.4 Non-member functions"), non-member functions hazard_pointer make_hazard_pointer(); void swap(hazard_pointer&, hazard_pointer&) noexcept;}
#### [32.11.3.3](#hp.base) Class template hazard_pointer_obj_base [[saferecl.hp.base]](saferecl.hp.base)
namespace std {template<class T, class D = default_delete<T>>class hazard_pointer_obj_base {public:void retire(D d = D()) noexcept; protected: hazard_pointer_obj_base() = default;
hazard_pointer_obj_base(const hazard_pointer_obj_base&) = default;
hazard_pointer_obj_base(hazard_pointer_obj_base&&) = default;
hazard_pointer_obj_base& operator=(const hazard_pointer_obj_base&) = default;
hazard_pointer_obj_base& operator=(hazard_pointer_obj_base&&) = default; ~hazard_pointer_obj_base() = default; private: D *deleter*; // *exposition only*};}
[1](#hp.base-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13420)
D shall be a function object type ([[func.require]](func.require "22.10.4 Requirements"))
for which, given a value d of type D and
a value ptr of type T*,
the expression d(ptr) is valid[.](#hp.base-1.sentence-1)
[2](#hp.base-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13426)
The behavior of a program
that adds specializations for hazard_pointer_obj_base is undefined[.](#hp.base-2.sentence-1)
[3](#hp.base-3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13430)
D shall meet the requirements for[*Cpp17DefaultConstructible*](utility.arg.requirements#:Cpp17DefaultConstructible "16.4.4.2 Template argument requirements [utility.arg.requirements]") and [*Cpp17MoveAssignable*](utility.arg.requirements#:Cpp17MoveAssignable "16.4.4.2 Template argument requirements [utility.arg.requirements]")[.](#hp.base-3.sentence-1)
[4](#hp.base-4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13434)
T may be an incomplete type[.](#hp.base-4.sentence-1)
It shall be complete before any member
of the resulting specialization of hazard_pointer_obj_base is referenced[.](#hp.base-4.sentence-2)
[🔗](#lib:retire,hazard_pointer_obj_base)
`void retire(D d = D()) noexcept;
`
[5](#hp.base-5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13446)
*Mandates*: T is a hazard-protectable type[.](#hp.base-5.sentence-1)
[6](#hp.base-6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13450)
*Preconditions*: *this is
a base class subobject of an object x of type T[.](#hp.base-6.sentence-1)
x is not retired[.](#hp.base-6.sentence-2)
Move-assigning d to deleter does not exit via an exception[.](#hp.base-6.sentence-3)
[7](#hp.base-7)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13457)
*Effects*: Move-assigns d to deleter,
thereby setting it as the deleter of x,
then retires x[.](#hp.base-7.sentence-1)
May reclaim possibly-reclaimable objects[.](#hp.base-7.sentence-2)
#### [32.11.3.4](#hp.holder) Class hazard_pointer [[saferecl.hp.holder]](saferecl.hp.holder)
#### [32.11.3.4.1](#hp.holder.general) General [[saferecl.hp.holder.general]](saferecl.hp.holder.general)
namespace std {class hazard_pointer {public: hazard_pointer() noexcept;
hazard_pointer(hazard_pointer&&) noexcept;
hazard_pointer& operator=(hazard_pointer&&) noexcept; ~hazard_pointer(); bool empty() const noexcept; template<class T> T* protect(const atomic<T*>& src) noexcept; template<class T> bool try_protect(T*& ptr, const atomic<T*>& src) noexcept; template<class T> void reset_protection(const T* ptr) noexcept; void reset_protection(nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept; void swap(hazard_pointer&) noexcept; };}
[1](#hp.holder.general-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13488)
An object of type hazard_pointer is either empty or[*owns*](#def:owning,hazard_pointer "32.11.3.4.1 General [saferecl.hp.holder.general]") a hazard pointer[.](#hp.holder.general-1.sentence-1)
Each hazard pointer is owned by
exactly one object of type hazard_pointer[.](#hp.holder.general-1.sentence-2)
[*Note [1](#hp.holder.general-note-1)*:
An empty hazard_pointer object is different from
a hazard_pointer object
that owns an unassociated hazard pointer[.](#hp.holder.general-1.sentence-3)
An empty hazard_pointer object does not own any hazard pointers[.](#hp.holder.general-1.sentence-4)
— *end note*]
#### [32.11.3.4.2](#hp.holder.ctor) Constructors, destructor, and assignment [[saferecl.hp.holder.ctor]](saferecl.hp.holder.ctor)
[🔗](#lib:hazard_pointer,constructor)
`hazard_pointer() noexcept;
`
[1](#hp.holder.ctor-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13508)
*Postconditions*: *this is empty[.](#hp.holder.ctor-1.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:hazard_pointer,constructor_)
`hazard_pointer(hazard_pointer&& other) noexcept;
`
[2](#hp.holder.ctor-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13519)
*Postconditions*: If other is empty, *this is empty[.](#hp.holder.ctor-2.sentence-1)
Otherwise,*this owns the hazard pointer originally owned by other;other is empty[.](#hp.holder.ctor-2.sentence-2)
[🔗](#lib:hazard_pointer,destructor)
`~hazard_pointer();
`
[3](#hp.holder.ctor-3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13533)
*Effects*: If *this is not empty,
destroys the hazard pointer owned by *this,
thereby ending its current protection epoch[.](#hp.holder.ctor-3.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:operator=,hazard_pointer)
`hazard_pointer& operator=(hazard_pointer&& other) noexcept;
`
[4](#hp.holder.ctor-4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13546)
*Effects*: If this == &other is true, no effect[.](#hp.holder.ctor-4.sentence-1)
Otherwise, if *this is not empty,
destroys the hazard pointer owned by *this,
thereby ending its current protection epoch[.](#hp.holder.ctor-4.sentence-2)
[5](#hp.holder.ctor-5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13553)
*Postconditions*: If other was empty, *this is empty[.](#hp.holder.ctor-5.sentence-1)
Otherwise, *this owns the hazard pointer originally
owned by other[.](#hp.holder.ctor-5.sentence-2)
If this != &other is true, other is empty[.](#hp.holder.ctor-5.sentence-3)
[6](#hp.holder.ctor-6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13560)
*Returns*: *this[.](#hp.holder.ctor-6.sentence-1)
#### [32.11.3.4.3](#hp.holder.mem) Member functions [[saferecl.hp.holder.mem]](saferecl.hp.holder.mem)
[🔗](#lib:empty,hazard_pointer)
`bool empty() const noexcept;
`
[1](#hp.holder.mem-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13573)
*Returns*: true if and only if *this is empty[.](#hp.holder.mem-1.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:protect,hazard_pointer)
`template<class T> T* protect(const atomic<T*>& src) noexcept;
`
[2](#hp.holder.mem-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13584)
*Effects*: Equivalent to:T* ptr = src.load(memory_order::relaxed);while (!try_protect(ptr, src)) {}return ptr;
[🔗](#lib:try_protect,hazard_pointer)
`template<class T> bool try_protect(T*& ptr, const atomic<T*>& src) noexcept;
`
[3](#hp.holder.mem-3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13600)
*Mandates*: T is a hazard-protectable type[.](#hp.holder.mem-3.sentence-1)
[4](#hp.holder.mem-4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13604)
*Preconditions*: *this is not empty[.](#hp.holder.mem-4.sentence-1)
[5](#hp.holder.mem-5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13608)
*Effects*: Performs the following steps in order:
- [(5.1)](#hp.holder.mem-5.1)
Initializes a variable old of type T* with the value of ptr[.](#hp.holder.mem-5.1.sentence-1)
- [(5.2)](#hp.holder.mem-5.2)
Evaluates reset_protection(old)[.](#hp.holder.mem-5.2.sentence-1)
- [(5.3)](#hp.holder.mem-5.3)
Assigns the value of src.load(memory_order​::​acquire) to ptr[.](#hp.holder.mem-5.3.sentence-1)
- [(5.4)](#hp.holder.mem-5.4)
If old == ptr is false,
evaluates reset_protection()[.](#hp.holder.mem-5.4.sentence-1)
[6](#hp.holder.mem-6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13619)
*Returns*: old == ptr[.](#hp.holder.mem-6.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:reset_protection,hazard_pointer)
`template<class T> void reset_protection(const T* ptr) noexcept;
`
[7](#hp.holder.mem-7)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13630)
*Mandates*: T is a hazard-protectable type[.](#hp.holder.mem-7.sentence-1)
[8](#hp.holder.mem-8)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13634)
*Preconditions*: *this is not empty[.](#hp.holder.mem-8.sentence-1)
[9](#hp.holder.mem-9)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13638)
*Effects*: If ptr is a null pointer value, invokes reset_protection()[.](#hp.holder.mem-9.sentence-1)
Otherwise,
associates the hazard pointer owned by *this with *ptr,
thereby ending the current protection epoch[.](#hp.holder.mem-9.sentence-2)
[10](#hp.holder.mem-10)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13645)
*Complexity*: Constant[.](#hp.holder.mem-10.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:reset_protection,hazard_pointer_)
`void reset_protection(nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept;
`
[11](#hp.holder.mem-11)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13656)
*Preconditions*: *this is not empty[.](#hp.holder.mem-11.sentence-1)
[12](#hp.holder.mem-12)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13660)
*Postconditions*: The hazard pointer owned by *this is unassociated[.](#hp.holder.mem-12.sentence-1)
[13](#hp.holder.mem-13)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13664)
*Complexity*: Constant[.](#hp.holder.mem-13.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:swap,hazard_pointer)
`void swap(hazard_pointer& other) noexcept;
`
[14](#hp.holder.mem-14)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13675)
*Effects*: Swaps the hazard pointer ownership of this object with that of other[.](#hp.holder.mem-14.sentence-1)
[*Note [1](#hp.holder.mem-note-1)*:
The owned hazard pointers, if any, remain unchanged during the swap and
continue to be associated with the respective objects
that they were protecting before the swap, if any[.](#hp.holder.mem-14.sentence-2)
No protection epochs are ended or initiated[.](#hp.holder.mem-14.sentence-3)
— *end note*]
[15](#hp.holder.mem-15)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13685)
*Complexity*: Constant[.](#hp.holder.mem-15.sentence-1)
#### [32.11.3.4.4](#hp.holder.nonmem) Non-member functions [[saferecl.hp.holder.nonmem]](saferecl.hp.holder.nonmem)
[🔗](#lib:make_hazard_pointer)
`hazard_pointer make_hazard_pointer();
`
[1](#hp.holder.nonmem-1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13698)
*Effects*: Constructs a hazard pointer[.](#hp.holder.nonmem-1.sentence-1)
[2](#hp.holder.nonmem-2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13702)
*Returns*: A hazard_pointer object that owns the newly-constructed hazard pointer[.](#hp.holder.nonmem-2.sentence-1)
[3](#hp.holder.nonmem-3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13706)
*Throws*: May throw bad_alloc if memory for the hazard pointer could not be allocated[.](#hp.holder.nonmem-3.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:swap,hazard_pointer_)
`void swap(hazard_pointer& a, hazard_pointer& b) noexcept;
`
[4](#hp.holder.nonmem-4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/threads.tex#L13718)
*Effects*: Equivalent to a.swap(b)[.](#hp.holder.nonmem-4.sentence-1)