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[input.output.general]
# 31 Input/output library [[input.output]](./#input.output)
## 31.1 General [input.output.general]
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/iostreams.tex#L6)
This Clause describes components that C++ programs may use to perform
input/output operations[.](#1.sentence-1)
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/iostreams.tex#L10)
The following subclauses describe
requirements for stream parameters,
and components for
forward declarations of iostreams,
predefined iostreams objects,
base iostreams classes,
stream buffering,
stream formatting and manipulators,
string streams,
and file streams,
as summarized in Table [135](#tab:iostreams.summary "Table 135: Input/output library summary")[.](#2.sentence-1)
Table [135](#tab:iostreams.summary) — Input/output library summary [[tab:iostreams.summary]](./tab:iostreams.summary)
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-1) | **Subclause** | **Header** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-2)<br>[[iostreams.requirements]](iostreams.requirements "31.2Iostreams requirements") | Requirements | |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-3)<br>[[iostream.forward]](iostream.forward "31.3Forward declarations") | Forward declarations | <iosfwd> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-4)<br>[[iostream.objects]](iostream.objects "31.4Standard iostream objects") | Standard iostream objects | <iostream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-5)<br>[[iostreams.base]](iostreams.base "31.5Iostreams base classes") | Iostreams base classes | <ios> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-6)<br>[[stream.buffers]](stream.buffers "31.6Stream buffers") | Stream buffers | <streambuf> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-7)<br>[[iostream.format]](iostream.format "31.7Formatting and manipulators") | Formatting and manipulators | <istream>, <ostream>, <iomanip>, <print> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-8)<br>[[string.streams]](string.streams "31.8String-based streams") | String streams | <sstream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-9)<br>[[span.streams]](span.streams "31.9Span-based streams") | Span-based streams | <spanstream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-10)<br>[[file.streams]](file.streams "31.10File-based streams") | File streams | <fstream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-11)<br>[[syncstream]](syncstream "31.11Synchronized output streams") | Synchronized output streams | <syncstream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-12)<br>[[filesystems]](filesystems "31.12File systems") | File systems | <filesystem> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-13)<br>[[c.files]](c.files "31.13C library files") | C library files | <cstdio>, <cinttypes> |