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[input.iterators]
# 24 Iterators library [[iterators]](./#iterators)
## 24.3 Iterator requirements [[iterator.requirements]](iterator.requirements#input.iterators)
### 24.3.5 C++17 iterator requirements [[iterator.cpp17]](iterator.cpp17#input.iterators)
#### 24.3.5.3 Input iterators [input.iterators]
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/iterators.tex#L2067)
A class or pointer typeX meets the requirements of an input iterator for the value typeT ifX meets the *Cpp17Iterator* ([[iterator.iterators]](iterator.iterators "24.3.5.2 Cpp17Iterator")) and*Cpp17EqualityComparable* (Table [28](utility.arg.requirements#tab:cpp17.equalitycomparable "Table 28: Cpp17EqualityComparable requirements")) requirements and
the expressions in Table [79](#tab:inputiterator "Table 79: Cpp17InputIterator requirements (in addition to Cpp17Iterator)") are valid and have
the indicated semantics[.](#1.sentence-1)
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/iterators.tex#L2078)
In Table [79](#tab:inputiterator "Table 79: Cpp17InputIterator requirements (in addition to Cpp17Iterator)"), the term[*the domain of ==*](#def:the_domain_of_==) is used in the ordinary mathematical sense to denote
the set of values over which== is (required to be) defined[.](#2.sentence-1)
This set can change over time[.](#2.sentence-2)
Each algorithm places additional requirements on the domain of== for the iterator values it uses[.](#2.sentence-3)
These requirements can be inferred from the uses that algorithm
makes of == and !=[.](#2.sentence-4)
[*Example [1](#example-1)*:
The call find(a,b,x) is defined only if the value of a has the property *p* defined as follows:b has property *p* and a value i has property *p* if
(*i==x)
or if
(*i!=x and++i has property*p*)[.](#2.sentence-5)
— *end example*]
Table [79](#tab:inputiterator) — *Cpp17InputIterator* requirements (in addition to *Cpp17Iterator*) [[tab:inputiterator]](./tab:inputiterator)
| [🔗](#tab:inputiterator-row-1)<br>**Expression** | **Return type** | **Operational** | **Assertion/note** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [🔗](#tab:inputiterator-row-2) | | **semantics** | **pre-/post-condition** |
| [🔗](#tab:inputiterator-row-3)<br>a != b | decltype(a != b) models *boolean-testable* | !(a == b) | *Preconditions*: (a, b) is in the domain of ==[.](#tab:inputiterator-row-3-column-4-sentence-1) |
| [🔗](#tab:inputiterator-row-4)<br>*a | reference, convertible to T | | *Preconditions*: a is dereferenceable[.](#tab:inputiterator-row-4-column-4-sentence-1)<br> The expression (void)*a, *a is equivalent to *a[.](#tab:inputiterator-row-4-column-4-sentence-2)<br> If a == b and (a, b) is in the domain of == then *a is equivalent to *b[.](#tab:inputiterator-row-4-column-4-sentence-3) |
| [🔗](#tab:inputiterator-row-5)<br>a->m | | (*a).m | *Preconditions*: a is dereferenceable[.](#tab:inputiterator-row-5-column-4-sentence-1) |
| [🔗](#tab:inputiterator-row-6)<br>++r | X& | | *Preconditions*: r is dereferenceable[.](#tab:inputiterator-row-6-column-4-sentence-1)<br> *Postconditions*: r is dereferenceable or r is past-the-end; any copies of the previous value of r are no longer required to be dereferenceable nor to be in the domain of ==[.](#tab:inputiterator-row-6-column-4-sentence-2) |
| [🔗](#tab:inputiterator-row-7)<br>(void)r++ | | | equivalent to (void)++r |
| [🔗](#tab:inputiterator-row-8)<br>*r++ | convertible to T | { T tmp = *r; ++r; return tmp; } | |
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/iterators.tex#L2155)
*Recommended practice*: The implementation of an algorithm on input iterators
should never attempt to pass through the same iterator twice;
such an algorithm should be a single pass algorithm[.](#3.sentence-1)
[*Note [1](#note-1)*:
For input iterators, a == b does not imply ++a == ++b[.](#3.sentence-2)
(Equality does not guarantee the substitution property or referential transparency[.](#3.sentence-3))
Value type T is not required to be a *Cpp17CopyAssignable* type (Table [34](utility.arg.requirements#tab:cpp17.copyassignable "Table 34: Cpp17CopyAssignable requirements (in addition to Cpp17MoveAssignable)"))[.](#3.sentence-4)
Such an algorithm can be used with istreams as the source of the input data through theistream_iterator class template[.](#3.sentence-5)
— *end note*]

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[input.output.general]
# 31 Input/output library [[input.output]](./#input.output)
## 31.1 General [input.output.general]
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/iostreams.tex#L6)
This Clause describes components that C++ programs may use to perform
input/output operations[.](#1.sentence-1)
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/iostreams.tex#L10)
The following subclauses describe
requirements for stream parameters,
and components for
forward declarations of iostreams,
predefined iostreams objects,
base iostreams classes,
stream buffering,
stream formatting and manipulators,
string streams,
and file streams,
as summarized in Table [135](#tab:iostreams.summary "Table 135: Input/output library summary")[.](#2.sentence-1)
Table [135](#tab:iostreams.summary) — Input/output library summary [[tab:iostreams.summary]](./tab:iostreams.summary)
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-1) | **Subclause** | **Header** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-2)<br>[[iostreams.requirements]](iostreams.requirements "31.2 Iostreams requirements") | Requirements | |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-3)<br>[[iostream.forward]](iostream.forward "31.3 Forward declarations") | Forward declarations | <iosfwd> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-4)<br>[[iostream.objects]](iostream.objects "31.4 Standard iostream objects") | Standard iostream objects | <iostream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-5)<br>[[iostreams.base]](iostreams.base "31.5 Iostreams base classes") | Iostreams base classes | <ios> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-6)<br>[[stream.buffers]](stream.buffers "31.6 Stream buffers") | Stream buffers | <streambuf> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-7)<br>[[iostream.format]](iostream.format "31.7 Formatting and manipulators") | Formatting and manipulators | <istream>, <ostream>, <iomanip>, <print> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-8)<br>[[string.streams]](string.streams "31.8 String-based streams") | String streams | <sstream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-9)<br>[[span.streams]](span.streams "31.9 Span-based streams") | Span-based streams | <spanstream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-10)<br>[[file.streams]](file.streams "31.10 File-based streams") | File streams | <fstream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-11)<br>[[syncstream]](syncstream "31.11 Synchronized output streams") | Synchronized output streams | <syncstream> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-12)<br>[[filesystems]](filesystems "31.12 File systems") | File systems | <filesystem> |
| [🔗](#tab:iostreams.summary-row-13)<br>[[c.files]](c.files "31.13 C library files") | C library files | <cstdio>, <cinttypes> |

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[input.streams.general]
# 31 Input/output library [[input.output]](./#input.output)
## 31.7 Formatting and manipulators [[iostream.format]](iostream.format#input.streams.general)
### 31.7.5 Input streams [[input.streams]](input.streams#general)
#### 31.7.5.1 General [input.streams.general]
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/iostreams.tex#L4287)
The header [<istream>](istream.syn#header:%3cistream%3e "31.7.1 Header <istream> synopsis [istream.syn]") defines two class templates
and a function template that control input from a stream buffer,
along with a function template that extracts from stream rvalues[.](#1.sentence-1)