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[format.range.fmtdef]
# 28 Text processing library [[text]](./#text)
## 28.5 Formatting [[format]](format#range.fmtdef)
### 28.5.7 Formatting of ranges [[format.range]](format.range#fmtdef)
#### 28.5.7.3 Class template *range-default-formatter* [format.range.fmtdef]
[🔗](#lib:range-default-formatter)
namespace std {template<ranges::[input_range](range.refinements#concept:input_range "25.4.6 Other range refinements [range.refinements]") R, class charT>struct *range-default-formatter*<range_format::sequence, R, charT> { // *exposition only*private:using *maybe-const-r* = *fmt-maybe-const*<R, charT>; // *exposition only* range_formatter<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<*maybe-const-r*>>,
charT> *underlying_*; // *exposition only*public:constexpr void set_separator(basic_string_view<charT> sep) noexcept; constexpr void set_brackets(basic_string_view<charT> opening,
basic_string_view<charT> closing) noexcept; template<class ParseContext>constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx); template<class FormatContext>typename FormatContext::iterator
format(*maybe-const-r*& elems, FormatContext& ctx) const; };}
[🔗](#lib:set_separator,range-default-formatter)
`constexpr void set_separator(basic_string_view<charT> sep) noexcept;
`
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8161)
*Effects*: Equivalent to: *underlying_*.set_separator(sep);
[🔗](#lib:set_brackets,range-default-formatter)
`constexpr void set_brackets(basic_string_view<charT> opening,
basic_string_view<charT> closing) noexcept;
`
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8173)
*Effects*: Equivalent to: *underlying_*.set_brackets(opening, closing);
[🔗](#lib:parse,range-default-formatter)
`template<class ParseContext>
constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx);
`
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8186)
*Effects*: Equivalent to: return *underlying_*.parse(ctx);
[🔗](#lib:format,range-default-formatter)
`template<class FormatContext>
typename FormatContext::iterator
format(maybe-const-r& elems, FormatContext& ctx) const;
`
[4](#4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8199)
*Effects*: Equivalent to: return *underlying_*.format(elems, ctx);

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[format.range.fmtkind]
# 28 Text processing library [[text]](./#text)
## 28.5 Formatting [[format]](format#range.fmtkind)
### 28.5.7 Formatting of ranges [[format.range]](format.range#fmtkind)
#### 28.5.7.1 Variable template format_kind [format.range.fmtkind]
[🔗](#lib:format_kind)
`template<ranges::[input_range](range.refinements#concept:input_range "25.4.6 Other range refinements [range.refinements]") R>
requires [same_as](concept.same#concept:same_as "18.4.2 Concept same_­as [concept.same]")<R, remove_cvref_t<R>>
constexpr range_format format_kind<R> = see below;
`
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L7841)
A program that instantiates the primary template of format_kind is ill-formed[.](#1.sentence-1)
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L7845)
For a type R, format_kind<R> is defined as follows:
- [(2.1)](#2.1)
If [same_as](concept.same#concept:same_as "18.4.2 Concept same_­as [concept.same]")<remove_cvref_t<ranges​::​range_reference_t<R>>, R> is true,format_kind<R> is range_format​::​disabled[.](#2.1.sentence-1)
[*Note [1](#note-1)*:
This prevents constraint recursion for ranges whose
reference type is the same range type[.](#2.1.sentence-2)
For example,std​::​filesystem​::​path is a range of std​::​filesystem​::​path[.](#2.1.sentence-3)
— *end note*]
- [(2.2)](#2.2)
Otherwise, if the [*qualified-id*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:qualified-id "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]") R​::​key_type is valid and denotes a type:
* [(2.2.1)](#2.2.1)
If the [*qualified-id*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:qualified-id "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]") R​::​mapped_type is valid and denotes a type,
let U be remove_cvref_t<ranges​::​range_reference_t<R>>[.](#2.2.1.sentence-1)
If either U is a specialization of pair orU is a specialization of tuple andtuple_size_v<U> == 2,format_kind<R> is range_format​::​map[.](#2.2.1.sentence-2)
* [(2.2.2)](#2.2.2)
Otherwise, format_kind<R> is range_format​::​set[.](#2.2.2.sentence-1)
- [(2.3)](#2.3)
Otherwise, format_kind<R> is range_format​::​sequence[.](#2.3.sentence-1)
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L7879)
*Remarks*: Pursuant to [[namespace.std]](namespace.std "16.4.5.2.1 Namespace std"), users may specialize format_kind for cv-unqualified program-defined types
that model ranges​::​[input_range](range.refinements#concept:input_range "25.4.6 Other range refinements [range.refinements]")[.](#3.sentence-1)
Such specializations shall be usable in constant expressions ([[expr.const]](expr.const "7.7 Constant expressions"))
and have type const range_format[.](#3.sentence-2)

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[format.range.fmtmap]
# 28 Text processing library [[text]](./#text)
## 28.5 Formatting [[format]](format#range.fmtmap)
### 28.5.7 Formatting of ranges [[format.range]](format.range#fmtmap)
#### 28.5.7.4 Specialization of *range-default-formatter* for maps [format.range.fmtmap]
[🔗](#lib:range-default-formatter)
namespace std {template<ranges::[input_range](range.refinements#concept:input_range "25.4.6 Other range refinements [range.refinements]") R, class charT>struct *range-default-formatter*<range_format::map, R, charT> {private:using *maybe-const-map* = *fmt-maybe-const*<R, charT>; // *exposition only*using *element-type* = // *exposition only* remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<*maybe-const-map*>>;
range_formatter<*element-type*, charT> *underlying_*; // *exposition only*public:constexpr *range-default-formatter*(); template<class ParseContext>constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx); template<class FormatContext>typename FormatContext::iterator
format(*maybe-const-map*& r, FormatContext& ctx) const; };}
[🔗](#lib:range-default-formatter,constructor)
`constexpr range-default-formatter();
`
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8237)
*Mandates*: Either:
- [(1.1)](#1.1)
*element-type* is a specialization of pair, or
- [(1.2)](#1.2)
*element-type* is a specialization of tuple andtuple_size_v<*element-type*> == 2[.](#1.sentence-1)
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8248)
*Effects*: Equivalent to:*underlying_*.set_brackets(*STATICALLY-WIDEN*<charT>("{"), *STATICALLY-WIDEN*<charT>("}"));*underlying_*.underlying().set_brackets({}, {});*underlying_*.underlying().set_separator(*STATICALLY-WIDEN*<charT>(": "));
[🔗](#lib:parse,range-default-formatter)
`template<class ParseContext>
constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx);
`
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8266)
*Effects*: Equivalent to: return *underlying_*.parse(ctx);
[🔗](#lib:format,range-default-formatter)
`template<class FormatContext>
typename FormatContext::iterator
format(maybe-const-map& r, FormatContext& ctx) const;
`
[4](#4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8279)
*Effects*: Equivalent to: return *underlying_*.format(r, ctx);

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[format.range.fmtset]
# 28 Text processing library [[text]](./#text)
## 28.5 Formatting [[format]](format#range.fmtset)
### 28.5.7 Formatting of ranges [[format.range]](format.range#fmtset)
#### 28.5.7.5 Specialization of *range-default-formatter* for sets [format.range.fmtset]
[🔗](#lib:range-default-formatter)
namespace std {template<ranges::[input_range](range.refinements#concept:input_range "25.4.6 Other range refinements [range.refinements]") R, class charT>struct *range-default-formatter*<range_format::set, R, charT> {private:using *maybe-const-set* = *fmt-maybe-const*<R, charT>; // *exposition only* range_formatter<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<*maybe-const-set*>>,
charT> *underlying_*; // *exposition only*public:constexpr *range-default-formatter*(); template<class ParseContext>constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx); template<class FormatContext>typename FormatContext::iterator
format(*maybe-const-set*& r, FormatContext& ctx) const; };}
[🔗](#lib:range-default-formatter,constructor)
`constexpr range-default-formatter();
`
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8316)
*Effects*: Equivalent to:*underlying_*.set_brackets(*STATICALLY-WIDEN*<charT>("{"), *STATICALLY-WIDEN*<charT>("}"));
[🔗](#lib:parse,range-default-formatter)
`template<class ParseContext>
constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx);
`
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8332)
*Effects*: Equivalent to: return *underlying_*.parse(ctx);
[🔗](#lib:format,range-default-formatter)
`template<class FormatContext>
typename FormatContext::iterator
format(maybe-const-set& r, FormatContext& ctx) const;
`
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8345)
*Effects*: Equivalent to: return *underlying_*.format(r, ctx);

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[format.range.fmtstr]
# 28 Text processing library [[text]](./#text)
## 28.5 Formatting [[format]](format#range.fmtstr)
### 28.5.7 Formatting of ranges [[format.range]](format.range#fmtstr)
#### 28.5.7.6 Specialization of *range-default-formatter* for strings [format.range.fmtstr]
[🔗](#lib:range-default-formatter)
namespace std {template<range_format K, ranges::[input_range](range.refinements#concept:input_range "25.4.6 Other range refinements [range.refinements]") R, class charT>requires (K == range_format::string || K == range_format::debug_string)struct *range-default-formatter*<K, R, charT> {private: formatter<basic_string<charT>, charT> *underlying_*; // *exposition only*public:template<class ParseContext>constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx); template<class FormatContext>typename FormatContext::iterator
format(*see below*& str, FormatContext& ctx) const; };}
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8373)
*Mandates*: [same_as](concept.same#concept:same_as "18.4.2 Concept same_­as [concept.same]")<remove_cvref_t<range_reference_t<R>>, charT> is true[.](#1.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:parse,range-default-formatter)
`template<class ParseContext>
constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx);
`
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8386)
*Effects*: Equivalent to:auto i = *underlying_*.parse(ctx);if constexpr (K == range_format::debug_string) {*underlying_*.set_debug_format();}return i;
[🔗](#lib:format,range-default-formatter)
`template<class FormatContext>
typename FormatContext::iterator
format(see below& r, FormatContext& ctx) const;
`
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8406)
The type of r is const R& if ranges​::​[input_range](range.refinements#concept:input_range "25.4.6 Other range refinements [range.refinements]")<const R> is true andR& otherwise[.](#3.sentence-1)
[4](#4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8411)
*Effects*: Let *s* be a basic_string<charT> such thatranges​::​equal(*s*, r) is true[.](#4.sentence-1)
Equivalent to: return *underlying_*.format(*s*, ctx);

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[format.range.formatter]
# 28 Text processing library [[text]](./#text)
## 28.5 Formatting [[format]](format#range.formatter)
### 28.5.7 Formatting of ranges [[format.range]](format.range#formatter)
#### 28.5.7.2 Class template range_formatter [format.range.formatter]
[🔗](#lib:range_formatter)
namespace std {template<class T, class charT = char>requires [same_as](concept.same#concept:same_as "18.4.2 Concept same_­as [concept.same]")<remove_cvref_t<T>, T> && [formattable](format.formattable#concept:formattable "28.5.6.3 Concept formattable [format.formattable]")<T, charT>class range_formatter { formatter<T, charT> *underlying_*; // *exposition only* basic_string_view<charT> *separator_* = *STATICALLY-WIDEN*<charT>(", "); // *exposition only* basic_string_view<charT> *opening-bracket_* = *STATICALLY-WIDEN*<charT>("["); // *exposition only* basic_string_view<charT> *closing-bracket_* = *STATICALLY-WIDEN*<charT>("]"); // *exposition only*public:constexpr void set_separator(basic_string_view<charT> sep) noexcept; constexpr void set_brackets(basic_string_view<charT> opening,
basic_string_view<charT> closing) noexcept; constexpr formatter<T, charT>& underlying() noexcept { return *underlying_*; }constexpr const formatter<T, charT>& underlying() const noexcept { return *underlying_*; }template<class ParseContext>constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx); template<ranges::[input_range](range.refinements#concept:input_range "25.4.6 Other range refinements [range.refinements]") R, class FormatContext>requires [formattable](format.formattable#concept:formattable "28.5.6.3 Concept formattable [format.formattable]")<ranges::range_reference_t<R>, charT> &&[same_as](concept.same#concept:same_as "18.4.2 Concept same_­as [concept.same]")<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<R>>, T>typename FormatContext::iterator
format(R&& r, FormatContext& ctx) const; };}
[1](#1)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L7921)
The class template range_formatter is a utility
for implementing formatter specializations for range types[.](#1.sentence-1)
[2](#2)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L7925)
range_formatter interprets *format-spec* as a *range-format-spec*[.](#2.sentence-1)
The syntax of format specifications is as follows:
range-format-spec :
range-fill-and-alignopt widthopt nopt range-typeopt range-underlying-specopt
range-fill-and-align :
range-fillopt align
range-fill :
any character other than { or } or :
range-type :
m
s
?s
range-underlying-spec :
: format-spec
[3](#3)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L7957)
For range_formatter<T, charT>,
the *format-spec* in a *range-underlying-spec*, if any,
is interpreted by formatter<T, charT>[.](#3.sentence-1)
[4](#4)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L7963)
The *range-fill-and-align* is interpreted
the same way as a *fill-and-align* ([[format.string.std]](format.string.std "28.5.2.2 Standard format specifiers"))[.](#4.sentence-1)
The productions *align* and *width* are described in [[format.string]](format.string "28.5.2 Format string")[.](#4.sentence-2)
[5](#5)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L7969)
The n option causes the range to be formatted
without the opening and closing brackets[.](#5.sentence-1)
[*Note [1](#note-1)*:
This is equivalent to invoking set_brackets({}, {})[.](#5.sentence-2)
— *end note*]
[6](#6)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L7976)
The *range-type* specifier changes the way a range is formatted,
with certain options only valid with certain argument types[.](#6.sentence-1)
The meaning of the various type options
is as specified in Table [115](#tab:formatter.range.type "Table 115: Meaning of range-type options")[.](#6.sentence-2)
Table [115](#tab:formatter.range.type) — Meaning of *range-type* options [[tab:formatter.range.type]](./tab:formatter.range.type)
| [🔗](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-1)<br>**Option** | **Requirements** | **Meaning** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [🔗](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-2)<br>m | T shall be either a specialization of pair or a specialization of tuple such that tuple_size_v<T> is 2[.](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-2-column-2-sentence-1) | Indicates that the opening bracket should be "{", the closing bracket should be "}", the separator should be ", ", and each range element should be formatted as if m were specified for its *tuple-type*[.](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-2-column-3-sentence-1)<br>[*Note [2](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-2-column-3-note-2)*:<br>If the n option is provided in addition to the m option, both the opening and closing brackets are still empty[.](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-2-column-3-sentence-2) — *end note*] |
| [🔗](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-3)<br>s | T shall be charT[.](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-3-column-2-sentence-1) | Indicates that the range should be formatted as a string[.](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-3-column-3-sentence-1) |
| [🔗](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-4)<br>?s | T shall be charT[.](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-4-column-2-sentence-1) | Indicates that the range should be formatted as an escaped string ([[format.string.escaped]](format.string.escaped "28.5.6.5 Formatting escaped characters and strings"))[.](#tab:formatter.range.type-row-4-column-3-sentence-1) |
If the *range-type* is s or ?s,
then there shall be
no n option and no *range-underlying-spec*[.](#6.sentence-3)
[🔗](#lib:set_separator,range_formatter)
`constexpr void set_separator(basic_string_view<charT> sep) noexcept;
`
[7](#7)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8025)
*Effects*: Equivalent to: *separator_* = sep;
[🔗](#lib:set_brackets,range_formatter)
`constexpr void set_brackets(basic_string_view<charT> opening,
basic_string_view<charT> closing) noexcept;
`
[8](#8)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8037)
*Effects*: Equivalent to:*opening-bracket_* = opening;*closing-bracket_* = closing;
[🔗](#lib:parse,range_formatter)
`template<class ParseContext>
constexpr typename ParseContext::iterator
parse(ParseContext& ctx);
`
[9](#9)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8054)
*Effects*: Parses the format specifiers as a *range-format-spec* and
stores the parsed specifiers in *this[.](#9.sentence-1)
Calls *underlying_*.parse(ctx) to parse*format-spec* in *range-format-spec* or,
if the latter is not present, an empty *format-spec*[.](#9.sentence-2)
The values of*opening-bracket_*, *closing-bracket_*, and *separator_* are modified if and only if required by
the *range-type* or the n option, if present[.](#9.sentence-3)
If:
- [(9.1)](#9.1)
the *range-type* is neither s nor ?s,
- [(9.2)](#9.2)
*underlying_*.set_debug_format() is a valid expression, and
- [(9.3)](#9.3)
there is no *range-underlying-spec*,
then calls *underlying_*.set_debug_format()[.](#9.sentence-4)
[10](#10)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8076)
*Returns*: An iterator past the end of the *range-format-spec*[.](#10.sentence-1)
[🔗](#lib:format,range_formatter)
`template<ranges::[input_range](range.refinements#concept:input_range "25.4.6 Other range refinements [range.refinements]") R, class FormatContext>
requires [formattable](format.formattable#concept:formattable "28.5.6.3 Concept formattable [format.formattable]")<ranges::range_reference_t<R>, charT> &&
[same_as](concept.same#concept:same_as "18.4.2 Concept same_­as [concept.same]")<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<R>>, T>
typename FormatContext::iterator
format(R&& r, FormatContext& ctx) const;
`
[11](#11)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8091)
*Effects*: Writes the following into ctx.out(),
adjusted according to the *range-format-spec*:
- [(11.1)](#11.1)
If the *range-type* was s,
then as if by formatting basic_string<charT>(from_range, r)[.](#11.1.sentence-1)
- [(11.2)](#11.2)
Otherwise, if the *range-type* was ?s,
then as if by formatting basic_string<charT>(from_range, r) as an escaped string ([[format.string.escaped]](format.string.escaped "28.5.6.5 Formatting escaped characters and strings"))[.](#11.2.sentence-1)
- [(11.3)](#11.3)
Otherwise,
* [(11.3.1)](#11.3.1)
*opening-bracket_*,
* [(11.3.2)](#11.3.2)
for each element e of the range r:
+
[(11.3.2.1)](#11.3.2.1)
the result of writing e via *underlying_* and
+
[(11.3.2.2)](#11.3.2.2)
*separator_*, unless e is the last element of r, and
* [(11.3.3)](#11.3.3)
*closing-bracket_*[.](#11.3.sentence-1)
[12](#12)
[#](http://github.com/Eelis/draft/tree/9adde4bc1c62ec234483e63ea3b70a59724c745a/source/text.tex#L8122)
*Returns*: An iterator past the end of the output range[.](#12.sentence-1)