[gram.dcl]

# Annex A (informative) Grammar summary [[gram]](./#gram)

## A.7 Declarations [gram.dcl]

[declaration-seq:](dcl.pre#nt:declaration-seq "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]") [*declaration-seq*](dcl.pre#nt:declaration-seq "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")opt

[declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*name-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:name-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*special-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:special-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")

[name-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:name-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*block-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:block-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*nodeclspec-function-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:nodeclspec-function-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*function-definition*](dcl.fct.def.general#nt:function-definition "9.6.1 General [dcl.fct.def.general]")  
[*friend-type-declaration*](class.mem.general#nt:friend-type-declaration "11.4.1 General [class.mem.general]")  
[*template-declaration*](temp.pre#nt:template-declaration "13.1 Preamble [temp.pre]")  
[*deduction-guide*](temp.deduct.guide#nt:deduction-guide "13.7.2.3 Deduction guides [temp.deduct.guide]")  
[*linkage-specification*](dcl.link#nt:linkage-specification "9.12 Linkage specifications [dcl.link]")  
[*namespace-definition*](namespace.def.general#nt:namespace-definition "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
[*empty-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:empty-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*attribute-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:attribute-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*module-import-declaration*](module.import#nt:module-import-declaration "10.3 Import declaration [module.import]")

[special-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:special-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*explicit-instantiation*](temp.explicit#nt:explicit-instantiation "13.9.3 Explicit instantiation [temp.explicit]")  
[*explicit-specialization*](temp.expl.spec#nt:explicit-specialization "13.9.4 Explicit specialization [temp.expl.spec]")  
[*export-declaration*](module.interface#nt:export-declaration "10.2 Export declaration [module.interface]")

[block-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:block-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*simple-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:simple-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*asm-declaration*](dcl.asm#nt:asm-declaration "9.11 The asm declaration [dcl.asm]")  
[*namespace-alias-definition*](namespace.alias#nt:namespace-alias-definition "9.9.3 Namespace alias [namespace.alias]")  
[*using-declaration*](namespace.udecl#nt:using-declaration "9.10 The using declaration [namespace.udecl]")  
[*using-enum-declaration*](enum.udecl#nt:using-enum-declaration "9.8.2 The using enum declaration [enum.udecl]")  
[*using-directive*](namespace.udir#nt:using-directive "9.9.4 Using namespace directive [namespace.udir]")  
[*static_assert-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:static_assert-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*consteval-block-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:consteval-block-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*alias-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:alias-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*opaque-enum-declaration*](dcl.enum#nt:opaque-enum-declaration "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")

[nodeclspec-function-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:nodeclspec-function-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") ;

[alias-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:alias-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
using [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt = [*defining-type-id*](dcl.name#nt:defining-type-id "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]") ;

[sb-identifier:](dcl.pre#nt:sb-identifier "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
...opt [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt

[sb-identifier-list:](dcl.pre#nt:sb-identifier-list "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*sb-identifier*](dcl.pre#nt:sb-identifier "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*sb-identifier-list*](dcl.pre#nt:sb-identifier-list "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]") , [*sb-identifier*](dcl.pre#nt:sb-identifier "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")

[structured-binding-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:structured-binding-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]") [*ref-qualifier*](dcl.decl.general#nt:ref-qualifier "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")opt [ [*sb-identifier-list*](dcl.pre#nt:sb-identifier-list "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]") ]

[simple-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:simple-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]") [*init-declarator-list*](dcl.decl.general#nt:init-declarator-list "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")opt ;  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") [*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]") [*init-declarator-list*](dcl.decl.general#nt:init-declarator-list "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") ;  
[*structured-binding-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:structured-binding-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]") [*initializer*](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]") ;

[static_assert-message:](dcl.pre#nt:static_assert-message "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*unevaluated-string*](lex.string.uneval#nt:unevaluated-string "5.13.6 Unevaluated strings [lex.string.uneval]")  
[*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]")

[static_assert-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:static_assert-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
static_assert ( [*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]") ) ;  
static_assert ( [*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]") , [*static_assert-message*](dcl.pre#nt:static_assert-message "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]") ) ;

[consteval-block-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:consteval-block-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
consteval [*compound-statement*](stmt.block#nt:compound-statement "8.4 Compound statement or block [stmt.block]")

[empty-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:empty-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
;

[attribute-declaration:](dcl.pre#nt:attribute-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") ;

[decl-specifier:](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]")  
[*storage-class-specifier*](dcl.stc#nt:storage-class-specifier "9.2.2 Storage class specifiers [dcl.stc]")  
[*defining-type-specifier*](dcl.type.general#nt:defining-type-specifier "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]")  
[*function-specifier*](dcl.fct.spec#nt:function-specifier "9.2.3 Function specifiers [dcl.fct.spec]")  
friend  
typedef  
constexpr  
consteval  
constinit  
inline

[decl-specifier-seq:](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]")  
[*decl-specifier*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
[*decl-specifier*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]") [*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]")

[storage-class-specifier:](dcl.stc#nt:storage-class-specifier "9.2.2 Storage class specifiers [dcl.stc]")  
static  
thread_local  
extern  
mutable

[function-specifier:](dcl.fct.spec#nt:function-specifier "9.2.3 Function specifiers [dcl.fct.spec]")  
virtual  
[*explicit-specifier*](dcl.fct.spec#nt:explicit-specifier "9.2.3 Function specifiers [dcl.fct.spec]")

[explicit-specifier:](dcl.fct.spec#nt:explicit-specifier "9.2.3 Function specifiers [dcl.fct.spec]")  
explicit ( [*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]") )  
explicit

[typedef-name:](dcl.typedef#nt:typedef-name "9.2.4 The typedef specifier [dcl.typedef]")  
[*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")  
[*simple-template-id*](temp.names#nt:simple-template-id "13.3 Names of template specializations [temp.names]")

[type-specifier:](dcl.type.general#nt:type-specifier "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]")  
[*simple-type-specifier*](dcl.type.simple#nt:simple-type-specifier "9.2.9.3 Simple type specifiers [dcl.type.simple]")  
[*elaborated-type-specifier*](dcl.type.elab#nt:elaborated-type-specifier "9.2.9.5 Elaborated type specifiers [dcl.type.elab]")  
[*typename-specifier*](temp.res.general#nt:typename-specifier "13.8.1 General [temp.res.general]")  
[*cv-qualifier*](dcl.decl.general#nt:cv-qualifier "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")

[type-specifier-seq:](dcl.type.general#nt:type-specifier-seq "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]")  
[*type-specifier*](dcl.type.general#nt:type-specifier "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
[*type-specifier*](dcl.type.general#nt:type-specifier "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]") [*type-specifier-seq*](dcl.type.general#nt:type-specifier-seq "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]")

[defining-type-specifier:](dcl.type.general#nt:defining-type-specifier "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]")  
[*type-specifier*](dcl.type.general#nt:type-specifier "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]")  
[*class-specifier*](class.pre#nt:class-specifier "11.1 Preamble [class.pre]")  
[*enum-specifier*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-specifier "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")

[defining-type-specifier-seq:](dcl.type.general#nt:defining-type-specifier-seq "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]")  
[*defining-type-specifier*](dcl.type.general#nt:defining-type-specifier "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
[*defining-type-specifier*](dcl.type.general#nt:defining-type-specifier "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]") [*defining-type-specifier-seq*](dcl.type.general#nt:defining-type-specifier-seq "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]")

[simple-type-specifier:](dcl.type.simple#nt:simple-type-specifier "9.2.9.3 Simple type specifiers [dcl.type.simple]")  
[*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]")opt [*type-name*](dcl.type.simple#nt:type-name "9.2.9.3 Simple type specifiers [dcl.type.simple]")  
[*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]") template [*simple-template-id*](temp.names#nt:simple-template-id "13.3 Names of template specializations [temp.names]")  
[*computed-type-specifier*](dcl.type.simple#nt:computed-type-specifier "9.2.9.3 Simple type specifiers [dcl.type.simple]")  
[*placeholder-type-specifier*](dcl.spec.auto.general#nt:placeholder-type-specifier "9.2.9.7.1 General [dcl.spec.auto.general]")  
[*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]")opt [*template-name*](temp.names#nt:template-name "13.3 Names of template specializations [temp.names]")  
char  
char8_t  
char16_t  
char32_t  
wchar_t  
bool  
short  
int  
long  
signed  
unsigned  
float  
double  
void

[type-name:](dcl.type.simple#nt:type-name "9.2.9.3 Simple type specifiers [dcl.type.simple]")  
[*class-name*](class.pre#nt:class-name "11.1 Preamble [class.pre]")  
[*enum-name*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-name "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*typedef-name*](dcl.typedef#nt:typedef-name "9.2.4 The typedef specifier [dcl.typedef]")

[computed-type-specifier:](dcl.type.simple#nt:computed-type-specifier "9.2.9.3 Simple type specifiers [dcl.type.simple]")  
[*decltype-specifier*](dcl.type.decltype#nt:decltype-specifier "9.2.9.6 Decltype specifiers [dcl.type.decltype]")  
[*pack-index-specifier*](dcl.type.pack.index#nt:pack-index-specifier "9.2.9.4 Pack indexing specifier [dcl.type.pack.index]")  
[*splice-type-specifier*](dcl.type.splice#nt:splice-type-specifier "9.2.9.9 Type splicing [dcl.type.splice]")

[pack-index-specifier:](dcl.type.pack.index#nt:pack-index-specifier "9.2.9.4 Pack indexing specifier [dcl.type.pack.index]")  
[*typedef-name*](dcl.typedef#nt:typedef-name "9.2.4 The typedef specifier [dcl.typedef]") ... [ [*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]") ]

[elaborated-type-specifier:](dcl.type.elab#nt:elaborated-type-specifier "9.2.9.5 Elaborated type specifiers [dcl.type.elab]")  
[*class-key*](class.pre#nt:class-key "11.1 Preamble [class.pre]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]")opt [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")  
[*class-key*](class.pre#nt:class-key "11.1 Preamble [class.pre]") [*simple-template-id*](temp.names#nt:simple-template-id "13.3 Names of template specializations [temp.names]")  
[*class-key*](class.pre#nt:class-key "11.1 Preamble [class.pre]") [*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]") templateopt [*simple-template-id*](temp.names#nt:simple-template-id "13.3 Names of template specializations [temp.names]")  
enum [*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]")opt [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")

[decltype-specifier:](dcl.type.decltype#nt:decltype-specifier "9.2.9.6 Decltype specifiers [dcl.type.decltype]")  
decltype ( [*expression*](expr.comma#nt:expression "7.6.20 Comma operator [expr.comma]") )

[placeholder-type-specifier:](dcl.spec.auto.general#nt:placeholder-type-specifier "9.2.9.7.1 General [dcl.spec.auto.general]")  
[*type-constraint*](temp.param#nt:type-constraint "13.2 Template parameters [temp.param]")opt auto  
[*type-constraint*](temp.param#nt:type-constraint "13.2 Template parameters [temp.param]")opt decltype ( auto )

[splice-type-specifier:](dcl.type.splice#nt:splice-type-specifier "9.2.9.9 Type splicing [dcl.type.splice]")  
typenameopt [*splice-specifier*](basic.splice#nt:splice-specifier "6.6 Splice specifiers [basic.splice]")  
typenameopt [*splice-specialization-specifier*](basic.splice#nt:splice-specialization-specifier "6.6 Splice specifiers [basic.splice]")

[init-declarator-list:](dcl.decl.general#nt:init-declarator-list "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*init-declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:init-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*init-declarator-list*](dcl.decl.general#nt:init-declarator-list "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") , [*init-declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:init-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")

[init-declarator:](dcl.decl.general#nt:init-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*initializer*](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*requires-clause*](temp.pre#nt:requires-clause "13.1 Preamble [temp.pre]")opt [*function-contract-specifier-seq*](dcl.contract.func#nt:function-contract-specifier-seq "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")opt

[declarator:](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*ptr-declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:ptr-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*noptr-declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:noptr-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*parameters-and-qualifiers*](dcl.decl.general#nt:parameters-and-qualifiers "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*trailing-return-type*](dcl.decl.general#nt:trailing-return-type "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")

[ptr-declarator:](dcl.decl.general#nt:ptr-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*noptr-declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:noptr-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*ptr-operator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:ptr-operator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*ptr-declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:ptr-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")

[noptr-declarator:](dcl.decl.general#nt:noptr-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*declarator-id*](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator-id "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
[*noptr-declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:noptr-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*parameters-and-qualifiers*](dcl.decl.general#nt:parameters-and-qualifiers "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*noptr-declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:noptr-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [ [*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]")opt ] [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
( [*ptr-declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:ptr-declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") )

[parameters-and-qualifiers:](dcl.decl.general#nt:parameters-and-qualifiers "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
( [*parameter-declaration-clause*](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration-clause "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]") ) [*cv-qualifier-seq*](dcl.decl.general#nt:cv-qualifier-seq "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")opt  
 [*ref-qualifier*](dcl.decl.general#nt:ref-qualifier "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")opt [*noexcept-specifier*](except.spec#nt:noexcept-specifier "14.5 Exception specifications [except.spec]")opt [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt

[trailing-return-type:](dcl.decl.general#nt:trailing-return-type "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
-> [*type-id*](dcl.name#nt:type-id "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")

[ptr-operator:](dcl.decl.general#nt:ptr-operator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
* [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*cv-qualifier-seq*](dcl.decl.general#nt:cv-qualifier-seq "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")opt  
& [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
&& [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
[*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]") * [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*cv-qualifier-seq*](dcl.decl.general#nt:cv-qualifier-seq "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")opt

[cv-qualifier-seq:](dcl.decl.general#nt:cv-qualifier-seq "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*cv-qualifier*](dcl.decl.general#nt:cv-qualifier "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*cv-qualifier-seq*](dcl.decl.general#nt:cv-qualifier-seq "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")opt

[cv-qualifier:](dcl.decl.general#nt:cv-qualifier "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
const  
volatile

[ref-qualifier:](dcl.decl.general#nt:ref-qualifier "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
&  
&&

[declarator-id:](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator-id "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
...opt [*id-expression*](expr.prim.id.general#nt:id-expression "7.5.5.1 General [expr.prim.id.general]")

[type-id:](dcl.name#nt:type-id "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*type-specifier-seq*](dcl.type.general#nt:type-specifier-seq "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]") [*abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")opt

[defining-type-id:](dcl.name#nt:defining-type-id "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*defining-type-specifier-seq*](dcl.type.general#nt:defining-type-specifier-seq "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]") [*abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")opt

[abstract-declarator:](dcl.name#nt:abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*ptr-abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:ptr-abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*noptr-abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:noptr-abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")opt [*parameters-and-qualifiers*](dcl.decl.general#nt:parameters-and-qualifiers "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*trailing-return-type*](dcl.decl.general#nt:trailing-return-type "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*abstract-pack-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:abstract-pack-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")

[ptr-abstract-declarator:](dcl.name#nt:ptr-abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*noptr-abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:noptr-abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*ptr-operator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:ptr-operator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*ptr-abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:ptr-abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")opt

[noptr-abstract-declarator:](dcl.name#nt:noptr-abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*noptr-abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:noptr-abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")opt [*parameters-and-qualifiers*](dcl.decl.general#nt:parameters-and-qualifiers "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*noptr-abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:noptr-abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")opt [ [*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]")opt ] [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
( [*ptr-abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:ptr-abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]") )

[abstract-pack-declarator:](dcl.name#nt:abstract-pack-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*noptr-abstract-pack-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:noptr-abstract-pack-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*ptr-operator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:ptr-operator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*abstract-pack-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:abstract-pack-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")

[noptr-abstract-pack-declarator:](dcl.name#nt:noptr-abstract-pack-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")  
[*noptr-abstract-pack-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:noptr-abstract-pack-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]") [*parameters-and-qualifiers*](dcl.decl.general#nt:parameters-and-qualifiers "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
...

[parameter-declaration-clause:](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration-clause "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]")  
...  
[*parameter-declaration-list*](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration-list "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]")opt  
[*parameter-declaration-list*](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration-list "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]") , ...  
[*parameter-declaration-list*](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration-list "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]") ...

[parameter-declaration-list:](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration-list "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]")  
[*parameter-declaration*](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]")  
[*parameter-declaration-list*](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration-list "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]") , [*parameter-declaration*](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]")

[parameter-declaration:](dcl.fct#nt:parameter-declaration "9.3.4.6 Functions [dcl.fct]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt thisopt [*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]") [*declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]") [*declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") = [*initializer-clause*](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer-clause "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt thisopt [*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]") [*abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")opt  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]") [*abstract-declarator*](dcl.name#nt:abstract-declarator "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]")opt = [*initializer-clause*](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer-clause "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")

[function-contract-specifier-seq:](dcl.contract.func#nt:function-contract-specifier-seq "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")  
[*function-contract-specifier*](dcl.contract.func#nt:function-contract-specifier "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]") [*function-contract-specifier-seq*](dcl.contract.func#nt:function-contract-specifier-seq "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")opt

[function-contract-specifier:](dcl.contract.func#nt:function-contract-specifier "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")  
[*precondition-specifier*](dcl.contract.func#nt:precondition-specifier "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")  
[*postcondition-specifier*](dcl.contract.func#nt:postcondition-specifier "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")

[precondition-specifier:](dcl.contract.func#nt:precondition-specifier "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")  
pre [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt ( [*conditional-expression*](expr.cond#nt:conditional-expression "7.6.16 Conditional operator [expr.cond]") )

[postcondition-specifier:](dcl.contract.func#nt:postcondition-specifier "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")  
post [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt ( [*result-name-introducer*](dcl.contract.res#nt:result-name-introducer "9.4.2 Referring to the result object [dcl.contract.res]")opt [*conditional-expression*](expr.cond#nt:conditional-expression "7.6.16 Conditional operator [expr.cond]") )

[attributed-identifier:](dcl.contract.res#nt:attributed-identifier "9.4.2 Referring to the result object [dcl.contract.res]")  
[*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt

[result-name-introducer:](dcl.contract.res#nt:result-name-introducer "9.4.2 Referring to the result object [dcl.contract.res]")  
[*attributed-identifier*](dcl.contract.res#nt:attributed-identifier "9.4.2 Referring to the result object [dcl.contract.res]") :

[initializer:](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*brace-or-equal-initializer*](dcl.init.general#nt:brace-or-equal-initializer "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
( [*expression-list*](expr.post.general#nt:expression-list "7.6.1.1 General [expr.post.general]") )

[brace-or-equal-initializer:](dcl.init.general#nt:brace-or-equal-initializer "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
= [*initializer-clause*](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer-clause "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*braced-init-list*](dcl.init.general#nt:braced-init-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")

[initializer-clause:](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer-clause "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*assignment-expression*](expr.assign#nt:assignment-expression "7.6.19 Assignment and compound assignment operators [expr.assign]")  
[*braced-init-list*](dcl.init.general#nt:braced-init-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")

[braced-init-list:](dcl.init.general#nt:braced-init-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
{ [*initializer-list*](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]") ,opt }  
{ [*designated-initializer-list*](dcl.init.general#nt:designated-initializer-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]") ,opt }  
{ }

[initializer-list:](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*initializer-clause*](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer-clause "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]") ...opt  
[*initializer-list*](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]") , [*initializer-clause*](dcl.init.general#nt:initializer-clause "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]") ...opt

[designated-initializer-list:](dcl.init.general#nt:designated-initializer-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*designated-initializer-clause*](dcl.init.general#nt:designated-initializer-clause "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*designated-initializer-list*](dcl.init.general#nt:designated-initializer-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]") , [*designated-initializer-clause*](dcl.init.general#nt:designated-initializer-clause "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")

[designated-initializer-clause:](dcl.init.general#nt:designated-initializer-clause "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*designator*](dcl.init.general#nt:designator "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]") [*brace-or-equal-initializer*](dcl.init.general#nt:brace-or-equal-initializer "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")

[designator:](dcl.init.general#nt:designator "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
. [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")

[expr-or-braced-init-list:](dcl.init.general#nt:expr-or-braced-init-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")  
[*expression*](expr.comma#nt:expression "7.6.20 Comma operator [expr.comma]")  
[*braced-init-list*](dcl.init.general#nt:braced-init-list "9.5.1 General [dcl.init.general]")

[function-definition:](dcl.fct.def.general#nt:function-definition "9.6.1 General [dcl.fct.def.general]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]")opt [*declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*virt-specifier-seq*](class.mem.general#nt:virt-specifier-seq "11.4.1 General [class.mem.general]")opt  
 [*function-contract-specifier-seq*](dcl.contract.func#nt:function-contract-specifier-seq "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")opt [*function-body*](dcl.fct.def.general#nt:function-body "9.6.1 General [dcl.fct.def.general]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*decl-specifier-seq*](dcl.spec.general#nt:decl-specifier-seq "9.2.1 General [dcl.spec.general]")opt [*declarator*](dcl.decl.general#nt:declarator "9.3.1 General [dcl.decl.general]") [*requires-clause*](temp.pre#nt:requires-clause "13.1 Preamble [temp.pre]")  
 [*function-contract-specifier-seq*](dcl.contract.func#nt:function-contract-specifier-seq "9.4.1 General [dcl.contract.func]")opt [*function-body*](dcl.fct.def.general#nt:function-body "9.6.1 General [dcl.fct.def.general]")

[function-body:](dcl.fct.def.general#nt:function-body "9.6.1 General [dcl.fct.def.general]")  
[*ctor-initializer*](class.base.init#nt:ctor-initializer "11.9.3 Initializing bases and members [class.base.init]")opt [*compound-statement*](stmt.block#nt:compound-statement "8.4 Compound statement or block [stmt.block]")  
[*function-try-block*](except.pre#nt:function-try-block "14.1 Preamble [except.pre]")  
= default ;  
[*deleted-function-body*](dcl.fct.def.general#nt:deleted-function-body "9.6.1 General [dcl.fct.def.general]")

[deleted-function-body:](dcl.fct.def.general#nt:deleted-function-body "9.6.1 General [dcl.fct.def.general]")  
= delete ;  
= delete ( [*unevaluated-string*](lex.string.uneval#nt:unevaluated-string "5.13.6 Unevaluated strings [lex.string.uneval]") ) ;

[enum-name:](dcl.enum#nt:enum-name "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")

[enum-specifier:](dcl.enum#nt:enum-specifier "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*enum-head*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-head "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]") { [*enumerator-list*](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator-list "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")opt }  
[*enum-head*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-head "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]") { [*enumerator-list*](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator-list "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]") , }

[enum-head:](dcl.enum#nt:enum-head "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*enum-key*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-key "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*enum-head-name*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-head-name "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")opt [*enum-base*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-base "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")opt

[enum-head-name:](dcl.enum#nt:enum-head-name "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]")opt [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")

[opaque-enum-declaration:](dcl.enum#nt:opaque-enum-declaration "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*enum-key*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-key "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*enum-head-name*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-head-name "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]") [*enum-base*](dcl.enum#nt:enum-base "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")opt ;

[enum-key:](dcl.enum#nt:enum-key "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
enum  
enum class  
enum struct

[enum-base:](dcl.enum#nt:enum-base "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
: [*type-specifier-seq*](dcl.type.general#nt:type-specifier-seq "9.2.9.1 General [dcl.type.general]")

[enumerator-list:](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator-list "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*enumerator-definition*](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator-definition "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*enumerator-list*](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator-list "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]") , [*enumerator-definition*](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator-definition "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")

[enumerator-definition:](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator-definition "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*enumerator*](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*enumerator*](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]") = [*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]")

[enumerator:](dcl.enum#nt:enumerator "9.8.1 Enumeration declarations [dcl.enum]")  
[*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt

[using-enum-declaration:](enum.udecl#nt:using-enum-declaration "9.8.2 The using enum declaration [enum.udecl]")  
using enum [*using-enum-declarator*](enum.udecl#nt:using-enum-declarator "9.8.2 The using enum declaration [enum.udecl]") ;

[using-enum-declarator:](enum.udecl#nt:using-enum-declarator "9.8.2 The using enum declaration [enum.udecl]")  
[*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]")opt [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")  
[*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]")opt [*simple-template-id*](temp.names#nt:simple-template-id "13.3 Names of template specializations [temp.names]")  
[*splice-type-specifier*](dcl.type.splice#nt:splice-type-specifier "9.2.9.9 Type splicing [dcl.type.splice]")

[namespace-name:](namespace.def.general#nt:namespace-name "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
[*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")  
[*namespace-alias*](namespace.alias#nt:namespace-alias "9.9.3 Namespace alias [namespace.alias]")

[namespace-definition:](namespace.def.general#nt:namespace-definition "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
[*named-namespace-definition*](namespace.def.general#nt:named-namespace-definition "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
[*unnamed-namespace-definition*](namespace.def.general#nt:unnamed-namespace-definition "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
[*nested-namespace-definition*](namespace.def.general#nt:nested-namespace-definition "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")

[named-namespace-definition:](namespace.def.general#nt:named-namespace-definition "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
inlineopt namespace [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]") { [*namespace-body*](namespace.def.general#nt:namespace-body "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]") }

[unnamed-namespace-definition:](namespace.def.general#nt:unnamed-namespace-definition "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
inlineopt namespace [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt { [*namespace-body*](namespace.def.general#nt:namespace-body "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]") }

[nested-namespace-definition:](namespace.def.general#nt:nested-namespace-definition "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
namespace [*enclosing-namespace-specifier*](namespace.def.general#nt:enclosing-namespace-specifier "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]") :: inlineopt [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]") { [*namespace-body*](namespace.def.general#nt:namespace-body "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]") }

[enclosing-namespace-specifier:](namespace.def.general#nt:enclosing-namespace-specifier "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
[*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")  
[*enclosing-namespace-specifier*](namespace.def.general#nt:enclosing-namespace-specifier "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]") :: inlineopt [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")

[namespace-body:](namespace.def.general#nt:namespace-body "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")  
[*declaration-seq*](dcl.pre#nt:declaration-seq "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")opt

[namespace-alias:](namespace.alias#nt:namespace-alias "9.9.3 Namespace alias [namespace.alias]")  
[*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")

[namespace-alias-definition:](namespace.alias#nt:namespace-alias-definition "9.9.3 Namespace alias [namespace.alias]")  
namespace [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]") = [*qualified-namespace-specifier*](namespace.alias#nt:qualified-namespace-specifier "9.9.3 Namespace alias [namespace.alias]") ;  
namespace [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]") = [*splice-specifier*](basic.splice#nt:splice-specifier "6.6 Splice specifiers [basic.splice]") ;  

[qualified-namespace-specifier:](namespace.alias#nt:qualified-namespace-specifier "9.9.3 Namespace alias [namespace.alias]")  
[*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]")opt [*namespace-name*](namespace.def.general#nt:namespace-name "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]")

[using-directive:](namespace.udir#nt:using-directive "9.9.4 Using namespace directive [namespace.udir]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt using namespace [*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]")opt [*namespace-name*](namespace.def.general#nt:namespace-name "9.9.2.1 General [namespace.def.general]") ;  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt using namespace [*splice-specifier*](basic.splice#nt:splice-specifier "6.6 Splice specifiers [basic.splice]") ;

[using-declaration:](namespace.udecl#nt:using-declaration "9.10 The using declaration [namespace.udecl]")  
using [*using-declarator-list*](namespace.udecl#nt:using-declarator-list "9.10 The using declaration [namespace.udecl]") ;

[using-declarator-list:](namespace.udecl#nt:using-declarator-list "9.10 The using declaration [namespace.udecl]")  
[*using-declarator*](namespace.udecl#nt:using-declarator "9.10 The using declaration [namespace.udecl]") ...opt  
[*using-declarator-list*](namespace.udecl#nt:using-declarator-list "9.10 The using declaration [namespace.udecl]") , [*using-declarator*](namespace.udecl#nt:using-declarator "9.10 The using declaration [namespace.udecl]") ...opt

[using-declarator:](namespace.udecl#nt:using-declarator "9.10 The using declaration [namespace.udecl]")  
typenameopt [*nested-name-specifier*](expr.prim.id.qual#nt:nested-name-specifier "7.5.5.3 Qualified names [expr.prim.id.qual]") [*unqualified-id*](expr.prim.id.unqual#nt:unqualified-id "7.5.5.2 Unqualified names [expr.prim.id.unqual]")

[asm-declaration:](dcl.asm#nt:asm-declaration "9.11 The asm declaration [dcl.asm]")  
[*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt asm ( [*balanced-token-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") ) ;

[linkage-specification:](dcl.link#nt:linkage-specification "9.12 Linkage specifications [dcl.link]")  
extern [*unevaluated-string*](lex.string.uneval#nt:unevaluated-string "5.13.6 Unevaluated strings [lex.string.uneval]") { [*declaration-seq*](dcl.pre#nt:declaration-seq "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")opt }  
extern [*unevaluated-string*](lex.string.uneval#nt:unevaluated-string "5.13.6 Unevaluated strings [lex.string.uneval]") [*name-declaration*](dcl.pre#nt:name-declaration "9.1 Preamble [dcl.pre]")

[attribute-specifier-seq:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
[*attribute-specifier*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") [*attribute-specifier-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt

[attribute-specifier:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-specifier "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
[ [ [*attribute-using-prefix*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-using-prefix "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt [*attribute-list*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-list "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") ] ]  
[ [ [*annotation-list*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:annotation-list "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") ] ]  
[*alignment-specifier*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:alignment-specifier "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")

[alignment-specifier:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:alignment-specifier "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
alignas ( [*type-id*](dcl.name#nt:type-id "9.3.2 Type names [dcl.name]") ...opt )  
alignas ( [*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]") ...opt )

[attribute-using-prefix:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-using-prefix "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
using [*attribute-namespace*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-namespace "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") :

[attribute-list:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-list "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
[*attribute*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
[*attribute-list*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-list "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") , [*attribute*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt  
[*attribute*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") ...  
[*attribute-list*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-list "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") , [*attribute*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") ...

[annotation-list:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:annotation-list "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
[*annotation*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:annotation "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") ...opt  
[*annotation-list*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:annotation-list "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") , [*annotation*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:annotation "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") ...opt

[attribute:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
[*attribute-token*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-token "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") [*attribute-argument-clause*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-argument-clause "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt

[annotation:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:annotation "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
= [*constant-expression*](expr.const#nt:constant-expression "7.7 Constant expressions [expr.const]")

[attribute-token:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-token "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
[*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")  
[*attribute-scoped-token*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-scoped-token "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")

[attribute-scoped-token:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-scoped-token "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
[*attribute-namespace*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-namespace "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") :: [*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")

[attribute-namespace:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-namespace "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
[*identifier*](lex.name#nt:identifier "5.11 Identifiers [lex.name]")

[attribute-argument-clause:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:attribute-argument-clause "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
( [*balanced-token-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt )

[balanced-token-seq:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
[*balanced-token*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]") [*balanced-token-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt

[balanced-token:](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")  
( [*balanced-token-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt )  
[ [*balanced-token-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt ]  
{ [*balanced-token-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt }  
[: [*balanced-token-seq*](dcl.attr.grammar#nt:balanced-token-seq "9.13.1 Attribute syntax and semantics [dcl.attr.grammar]")opt :]  
any [*token*](lex.token#nt:token "5.10 Tokens [lex.token]") other than (, ), [, ], {, }, [:, or :]
